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Английская Википедия:Istrianis

2024-03-27T06:57:17Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Genus of moths}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Istrianis | authority = Meyrick, 1918<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/gelechiidae/gelechiinae/istrianis/ |title=''Istrianis'' |website=ftp.funet.fi |publisher=Markku Savela |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> | synonyms = * ''Pseudoteleia'' Amsel,...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Genus of moths}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Istrianis
| authority = Meyrick, 1918<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/gelechiidae/gelechiinae/istrianis/ |title=''Istrianis'' |website=ftp.funet.fi |publisher=Markku Savela |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Pseudoteleia'' Amsel, 1935
| display_parents = 3
}}

'''''Istrianis''''' is a genus of [[moth]]s in the family [[Gelechiidae]].

==Species==
* ''[[Istrianis brucinella]]'' (Mann, 1872)
* ''[[Istrianis crauropa]]'' Meyrick, 1918
* ''[[Istrianis femoralis]]'' (Staudinger, 1876)
* ''[[Istrianis fynbosella]]'' Bidzilya & Mey, 2011
* ''[[Istrianis myricariella]]'' (Frey, 1870)
* ''[[Istrianis nigrosquamella]]'' (Amsel, 1959)
* ''[[Istrianis squamodorella]]'' (Amsel, 1935)
* ''[[Istrianis steganotricha]]'' (Meyrick, 1935)
* ''[[Istrianis wachtlii]]'' (Rogenhofer, 1881)

==References==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10304098}}

[[Category:Istrianis| ]]
[[Category:Litini]]
[[Category:Gelechiidae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Litini-stub}}
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Английская Википедия:Istriana goat

2024-03-27T06:57:12Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Breed of goat}} {{use dmy dates|date=July 2014}} {{use list-defined references|date=July 2014}} {{Use British English|date=July 2014}} {{Infobox goat breed | name = Istriana | image = | image_size = 280px | image_alt = | image_caption = | status = {{nobreak|FAO (2007): critical<ref name=barb/>}} | altname = | nickname...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Breed of goat}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{use list-defined references|date=July 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox goat breed
| name = Istriana
| image =
| image_size = 280px
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| status = {{nobreak|[[FAO]] (2007): critical<ref name=barb/>}}
| altname =
| nickname =
| country = Italy
| distribution = [[Province of Gorizia]]
| standard = [http://www.assonapa.it/norme_ecc/CAPRINI-RA_Standard_WEB/Istriana.htm MIPAAF]
| use = meat, milk<ref name=bigi/>
| maleweight = 55 kg<ref name=dad/>
| femaleweight = 50 kg<ref name=aspa3/>
| maleheight = 65 cm<ref name=dad/>
| femaleheight = 60 cm<ref name=aspa3/>
| type =
| skincolor =
| woolcolor = white
| facecolor =
| horns =
| beard = usually bearded
| note = ears are pointed and erect; [[crop-eared]] mutations are seen
}}

The '''Istriana''' is an endangered [[breed]] of [[goat|domestic goat]] indigenous to [[Istria]] and the [[Karst]] regions of the northern [[Adriatic]], from north-east Italy to [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]]. A population of about 100 head was documented in the Italian [[province of Gorizia]] in the 1980s; there is no more recent data.<ref name=bigi/> In [[Croatia]], where raising any goat not of the Swiss [[Saanen goat|Saanen]] breed was illegal in the 1940s and 1950s, it has largely disappeared; a study is under way to establish whether it may be recoverable.<ref name=azzri/>

In Italy the Istriana is one of the forty-three autochthonous goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the [[Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia]], the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders.<ref name=dm/><ref name=aspa/> No numbers have been recorded in the herd-book for many years;<ref name=aspa2/> however, a population of 80 was reported to [[DAD-IS]] in 2005.<ref name=dad/> Its conservation status in Italy was listed as "critical" by the [[FAO]] in 2007.<ref name=barb/>

==References==
{{portal|Animals}}
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=aspa>[http://www.assonapa.it/Pubblicazioni/Razze-ovine-caprine-Italia/Razze_Ovine_Caprine_Italia.pdf Le razze ovine e caprine in Italia] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia: Ufficio centrale libri genealogici e registri anagrafici razze ovine e caprine. p. 100. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=aspa2>[http://www.assonapa.it/Consistenze/Cons_razza.asp?Anno=2013&Cod_razza=M8 Consistenze Provinciali della Razza M8 Istriana Anno 2013] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia: Banca dati. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=aspa3>[http://www.assonapa.it/norme_ecc/CAPRINI-RA_Standard_WEB/Istriana.htm Norme tecniche della popolazione caprina "Istriana": standard della razza] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=azzri>[http://www.azrri.hr/index.php?id=60&L=2 Tutela della capra in Istria] (in Italian). Agencija za ruralni razvoj Istre. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|9789251057629}}. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=bigi>Daniele Bigi, Alessio Zanon (2008). ''Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia'' (in Italian). Milan: Edagricole. {{ISBN|9788850652594}}. p. 367–68.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0b1613ebf16355cf65f6a05b9a65fe25,reportsreport8a_50006880 Breed data sheet: Istriana/Italy]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=dm>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172524/http://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/1%252Ff%252F9%252FD.8551668d49c199df1401/P/BLOB%3AID%3D2023 Strutture Zootecniche (Dec. 2009/712/CE - Allegato 2 - Capitolo 2)] (in Italian). Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. Section '''I''' (e). Archived 4 May 2014.</ref>

}}

{{Goat breeds of Italy}}

[[Category:Goat breeds]]
[[Category:Meat goat breeds]]
[[Category:Goat breeds originating in Italy]]

{{goat-stub}}
{{Italy-stub}}
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Английская Википедия:Istriana

2024-03-27T06:57:11Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Breed of sheep}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2013}} {{use list-defined references|date=September 2013}} {{Use British English|date=September 2013}} {{Infobox sheep breed | name = Istriana | image = | image_alt = | image_size = 280px | image_caption = | status = {{unbulleted list|{{nobreak|Croatia: FAO (2007): not at risk<ref nam...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Breed of sheep}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{use list-defined references|date=September 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox sheep breed
| name = Istriana
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_size = 280px
| image_caption =
| status = {{unbulleted list|{{nobreak|Croatia: [[FAO]] (2007): not at risk<ref name=barb/>}}|Italy: [[FAO]] (2007): endangered<ref name=barb/>|{{nobreak|Slovenia: [[FAO]] (2007): not at risk<ref name=barb/>}}}}
| altname = {{unbulleted list|Istarska Ovca|Istrska Pramenka|Carsolina}}
| country = Italy
| distribution = {{unbulleted list|[[province of Gorizia]], Italy|[[province of Pordenone]], Italy|[[province of Trieste]], Italy|[[Croatia]]|[[Slovenia]]}}
| standard = [http://www.assonapa.it/norme_ecc/OVINI-RA_Standard_WEB/Standard-Istriana.htm MIPAAF]
| type =
| use = dual-purpose, milk and meat
| maleweight = 65 kg<ref name=dad/>
| femaleweight = 52 kg<ref name=dad/>
| maleheight = 75–80 cm<ref name=aspa3/>
| femaleheight = 70–75 cm<ref name=aspa3/>
| woolcolor = white
| facecolor = mottled with dark brown
| horns = spiral horns, females often hornless
| note =
}}

The '''Istriana''' or '''Carsolina''', {{lang-hr|'Istarska Ovca'}}, {{lang-sl|'Istrska Pramenka'}}, is a [[breed]] of domestic [[sheep]] from [[Istria]] and the [[Karst]] regions of the northern [[Adriatic]], from north-east Italy to [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]].<ref name=dad/><ref name=aspa3/><ref name=dad2/><ref name=dad3/>

==History==

The Istriana breed appears to derive from inter-breeding of local Italian stock with breeds from the [[Balkans]], and particularly with animals brought to the area by the [[Morlachs]], [[Dacians|Dacian]] refugees from the [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars|Ottoman invasion]]s of the 17th century.<ref name=bigi/><ref name=aspa/>

In 1869 the sheep population in Istria was estimated at 160,000; the Istriana was the predominant breed. In the 1980s it was to a large extent supplanted by sheep of ''pramenka'' type from [[Kosovo]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Metohija]], which had a similar resistance to the harsh conditions of the peninsula, but lower productivity of both milk and meat and lower resistance to disease.<ref name=azzri/> Attempts were made to increase the milk yield by cross-breeding with [[Awassi (sheep)|Awassi]], [[East Friesian (sheep)|East Friesian]] and [[Sarda (sheep)|Sarda]] stock. A project for the recovery of the traditional type of Istriana sheep has been launched in Croatia, and involves exchange of genetic material with Italy. A breeders' association, the Associazione degli Allevatori della Pecora Istriana nella Regione Istriana "Istrijanka", was formed at [[Sanvincenti]] (Svetvinčenat) in 2005. Breeding stock is estimated at 2300 head.<ref name=azzri/> The total number reported for 2013 was 2900–3300;<ref name=dad2/> for Slovenia it was 1150.<ref name=dad3/>

In Italy, the Istriana is one of the forty-two autochthonous local sheep breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the [[Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia]], the Italian national association of sheep-breeders.<ref name=aspa/> Breed numbers fell drastically in the second half of the 20th century, from 10,000 in 1960 to 250 in 1983.<ref name=bigi/> In 2013 total numbers for the breed were recorded as 635.<ref name=aspa2/>

==See also==

* [[Istriana goat]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=aspa>[http://www.assonapa.it/Pubblicazioni/Razze-ovine-caprine-Italia/Razze_Ovine_Caprine_Italia.pdf Le razze ovine e caprine in Italia] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia: Ufficio centrale libri genealogici e registri anagrafici razze ovine e caprine. p. 59. Accessed September 2013.</ref>

<ref name=aspa2>[http://www.assonapa.it/Consistenze/Cons_razza.asp?Anno=2013&Cod_razza=98 Consistenze Provinciali della Razza 98 Istriana (Carsolina) Anno 2013] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia: Banca dati. Accessed September 2013.</ref>

<ref name=aspa3>[http://www.assonapa.it/norme_ecc/OVINI-RA_Standard_WEB/Standard-Istriana.htm Norme tecniche della popolazione ovina “Istriana”: standard della razza] (in Italian). Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=azzri>[http://www.azrri.hr/index.php?id=62&L=2 Tutela della pecora istriana] (in Italian). Agencija za ruralni razvoj Istre. Accessed July 2014.</ref>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|9789251057629}}. Accessed May 2014.</ref>

<ref name=bigi>Daniele Bigi, Alessio Zanon (2008). ''Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia'' (in Italian). Milan: Edagricole. {{ISBN|9788850652594}}. p. 228–29.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0b1613ebf16355cf65f6a05b9a65fe25,reportsreport8a_50012331 Breed data sheet: Istriana/Italy]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed September 2013.</ref>

<ref name=dad2>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0b1613ebf16355cf65f6a05b9a65fe25,reportsreport8a_50011814 Breed data sheet: Istarska Ovca/Croatia]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed September 2013.</ref>

<ref name=dad3>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0b1613ebf16355cf65f6a05b9a65fe25,reportsreport8a_50012905 Breed data sheet: Istrska pramenka/Slovenia]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed September 2013.</ref>

}}

{{Sheep breeds of Italy}}

[[Category:Sheep breeds originating in Italy]]

{{Italy-stub}}
{{Sheep-stub}}
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Английская Википедия:Istrian stone

2024-03-27T06:57:06Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Type of limestone}} [[San Zaccaria, Venice, Mauro Codussi completed the upper parts of a church begun in Gothic, using contrasting stones.]] '''Istrian stone''', ''pietra d'Istria'', the characteristic group of building stones in the architecture of Venice, Istria and Dalmatia, i...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Type of limestone}}
[[File:Chiesa di San Zaccaria Venezia.jpg|thumb|[[San Zaccaria, Venice]], [[Mauro Codussi]] completed the upper parts of a church begun in Gothic, using contrasting stones.]]
'''Istrian stone''', ''pietra d'Istria'', the characteristic group of [[Dimension stone|building stones]] in the architecture of [[Venice]], [[Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]], is a dense type of impermeable [[limestone]]s that was quarried in [[Istria]], nowadays [[Croatia]]; between [[Portorož]] and [[Pula]].<ref>[http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn173/idn173.htm Raffaella Geometrante, Dario Almesberger, Antonio Rizzo: ''Characterisation of the State of compression of Pietra D'Istria elements by Non Destructive Ultrasonic Technique.'']</ref><ref>[http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/271/1/63 M. Simunic Bursic, D. Aljinovic, S. Cancelliere: ''Kirmenjak-Pietra d'Istria: a preliminary investigation of its use in Venetian architectural heritage.'' In: Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 2007; v. 271; p. 63-68 (abstract)]</ref><ref>[http://venice.umwblogs.org/exhibit/the-conservation-of-venetian-building-materials/istrian-stone/ Venice, an online exhibit produced in ARTH 470z at the University of Mary Washington : Istrian stone]</ref> Limestone is a biogenetic stone composed of [[calcium carbonate]] from the [[Test (biology)|test]]s and shells of marine creatures laid down over eons. Istrian stone approaches the compressive strength and density of [[marble]], which is [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphosed]] limestone. It is often loosely referred to as "marble", which is not strictly correct.
[[File:Pietra d'Istria.png|thumb|Weathered Istrian limestone in Venice]]

Venice, isolated in its lagoon, had no building stone at hand. The freshly quarried stone is salt-white or light yellowish, which weathers to a pale gray; the whiteness of Istrian stone contrasts well with coloured stones and brick. When Francesco, son of the architect [[Jacopo Sansovino]], wrote ''Venetia citta nobilissima et singolare'' (1580) he emphasized the distinctive quality that Istrian stone and the coppery-red Verona ''brocatello'' limestone (so-called ''[[Veronese marble]]'') lent to the city.<ref>Paul Hills, ''Venetian Colour: marble, mosaic, painting and glass, 1250-1550'', 1999:65</ref> It was brought, Sansovino said, from [[Rovigno]] and [[Brioni Islands|Brioni]] on the Istrian coast.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of types of limestone]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.istrianet.org/istria/crafts-trades/masonry/krmac-seminario.htm Dean Krmac: La pietra d'Istria e Venezia.] (ital.)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130934/http://www.cittadelvino.it/it/soci/comune-grisignana-distria-gro%C5%BEnjan#tabSoci-2 Comune di Grisignana d'Istria (Grožnjan)] (ital.)

[[Category:Limestone]]
[[Category:Venetian Gothic architecture]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian stew

2024-03-27T06:57:04Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox food | name = Jota | image = File:Jota 02.JPG | caption = ''Jota'' | alternate_name = Istrian stew | country = Italy, Croatia and Slovenia | region = Istria, Friuli Venezia Giulia | creator = | course = | type = Stew | served = | main_ingredient = Bean...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Jota
| image = File:Jota 02.JPG
| caption = ''Jota''
| alternate_name = Istrian stew
| country = [[Italy]], [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]]
| region = [[Istria]], [[Friuli Venezia Giulia]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Stew]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Bean]]s, [[sauerkraut]], [[potato]]es, [[bacon]], [[spare ribs]], [[garlic]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

The '''jota''' or '''istrian stew''' ({{lang-it|Jota}}, {{lang-hr|Istarska jota}}, {{lang-sl|Jota}}) is a soup made of [[bean]]s, [[sauerkraut]] or sour [[turnip]], [[potato]]es, [[bacon]], [[spare ribs]], known in the northern [[Adriatic]] regions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Maneštre (Eintopf) {{!}} Molo Grande Travel |url=http://www.molo-grande-travel.com/de/info/item/21-mane%C5%A1tre |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209015400/http://www.molo-grande-travel.com/de/info/item/21-mane%C5%A1tre |archive-date=2014-12-09 }}</ref> Under the name ''jota'' it is typical and especially popular in [[Trieste]] and its province (where it is considered to be the prime example of Triestine food), in the [[Istria]]n peninsula, in the province of [[Gorizia]], in the whole [[Slovenian Littoral]], in the [[Rijeka]] area, and in [[Friuli]], especially in some of its peripheral areas (the highland region of [[Carnia]], the Torre and Natisone rivers valleys or [[Slavia Veneta]]). The stew, based on etymology, most likely originated in Friuli before spreading east and south.

"Jota" seems to derive from a [[Celts|Celtic]] root and has parallels in the ancient [[Friulian language]].

The dish shows the influence of both [[Central Europe]]an and [[Mediterranean]] cuisine. In most of the recipes, [[olive oil]] is used, and the main seasoning is [[garlic]].

In [[Slovenian Istria]], it is often eaten together with [[polenta]].

==See also==
*[[Croatian cuisine]]
* {{portal-inline|Food}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.istrianet.org/istria/gastronomy/osteria/jota.htm Istria on the Internet, Gastronomy: Jota history and recipes]

[[Category:Croatian stews]]
[[Category:Italian cuisine]]
[[Category:Slovenian cuisine]]
[[Category:Meat stews]]
[[Category:Bacon dishes]]
[[Category:Bean soups]]

{{Croatia-cuisine-stub}}
{{Italy-cuisine-stub}}
{{Slovenia-cuisine-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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Английская Википедия:Istrian scale

2024-03-27T06:56:56Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Musical scale}} {{Infobox music genre | name = Istrian scale | native_name = | image = Image:Istrian mode on C.png | caption = Istrian mode on C.<ref name="Roots">Van der Merwe, Peter (2005). ''Roots of the Classical'', p.227-8. {{ISBN|978-0-19-816647-4}}.</ref> [heptatonic] {{audio|Ist...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Musical scale}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Istrian scale
| native_name =
| image = Image:Istrian mode on C.png
| caption = Istrian mode on C.<ref name="Roots">[[Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)|Van der Merwe, Peter]] (2005). ''Roots of the Classical'', p.227-8. {{ISBN|978-0-19-816647-4}}.</ref> [heptatonic] {{audio|Istrian mode on C.mid|Play}}
| stylistic_origins = [[Music of Croatia|Croatian music]]
| cultural_origins = [[Istria]] and [[Kvarner]]
| instruments =
| derivatives =
| subgenres =
| fusiongenres =
| regional_scenes =
| local_scenes =
| other_topics =
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| Image =
| Caption =
| ICH = Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale
| State Party = Croatia
| ID = 00231
| Region = ENA
| Year = 2009
| Session = 4th
| List = Representative
}}

[[File:Istarska lestvica.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Sopilas: small/thin/high and great/fat/low ({{audio|Istarska lestvica.mid|Play}})]]
[[File:Istrian scale Schubert Symphony No. 8 in B minor (1922), 1st mvt., bars 13-20.png|thumb|175px|upright=1.5|Istrian scale in Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in B minor (1922), 1st mvt., bars 13–20 ({{audio|Istrian scale Schubert Symphony No. 8 in B minor (1922), 1st mvt., bars 13-20.mid|Play}}); flat fifth marked with asterisk<ref name="Roots"/>]]
"'''Istrian scale'''" refers both to a "unique"<ref name="EvansAbraham">Thammy Evans, Rudolf Abraham (2013). ''Istria: Croatian Peninsula, Rijeka, Slovenian Adriatic'', p.17. {{ISBN|9781841624457}}.</ref> [[scale (music)|musical scale]] and to the folk music genres from [[Istria]] and [[Kvarner]] which use that scale.<ref name="UNESCO">"[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/two-part-singing-and-playing-in-the-istrian-scale-00231 Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale]", ''UNESCO.org''.</ref> It is named for the Istrian peninsula. Istrian folk music is based on a distinctive six-tone musical scale (the so-called Istrian scale), and the peninsula's two-part, slightly nasal singing. The two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale, a traditional singing practice characteristic of the Istrian region and the north Adriatic coastal area and islands, was inscribed in UNESCO's ''List of Intangible Cultural Heritage'' in 2009.<ref>Antos, Zvjezdana; Fromm, Annette B.; and Golding, Viv (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_zPZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 Museums and Innovations]'', p.78. Cambridge Scholars. {{ISBN|9781443862561}}. Cites: [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/two-part-singing-and-playing-in-the-istrian-scale-00231].</ref>

Genres include ''kanat'' and ''tarankanje''; techniques include [[nasalization|nasal tone]], [[variation (music)|variation]] and [[musical improvisation|improvisation]], and [[resolution (music)|resolution]] to the [[unison]] or [[octave]]; and instruments include [[double reed]]s such as ''[[sopila|sopele]]'', [[shawm]]s, [[bagpipes]], and other instruments such as [[flute]]s and ''[[tamburica|tambura]]'' lutes.<ref name="UNESCO"/> It was first named by [[Ivan Matetić Ronjgov]] early in the twentieth century,<ref name="EvansAbraham"/> assisting his study and notation of [[Croatian music]].

==Description==
Non-[[equal temperament|equal-tempered]],<ref name="EvansAbraham"/><ref name="Dario">Marušić, Dario. "[http://www.komunikacija.org.rs/komunikacija/casopisi/muzikologija/VII_7/09/html_gb Reception of Istrian Musical Traditions]", ''Musicology 7/2007 (VII)'' ("[http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-9814/2007/1450-98140707185M.pdf Reception of Istrian Musical Traditions]", ''doiSerbia'').</ref> the scale could approximately be notated as: E-F-G-A{{music|b}}-B{{music|b}}-C{{music|b}} [hexatonic] (see: [[enharmonic]]), the first six notes of an [[octatonic scale]] on E. It may be thought of in various ways, such as the [[Phrygian mode#Medieval Phrygian mode|Gregorian Phrygian mode]] with lowered 4th, 5th, and 6th [[degree (music)|degrees]] (on E: E-F-G-A{{music|b}}-B{{music|b}}-C{{music|b}}-D [heptatonic]).<ref name="Hrvatske">{{cite book|title=Hrvatske narodne pjesme i plesovi|volume=1|editor1-first=Vinko|editor1-last=Žganec|editor1-link=Vinko Žganec|editor2-first=Nada|editor2-last=Sremec|year=1951|location=Zagreb|publisher=Seljačka sloga|page=228}}</ref> Performances feature [[diaphony]] and the [[Phrygian cadence]] (in E: F and D moving to E).<ref name="Hrvatske"/>
[[File:Sopile.JPG|upright=0.75|thumb|125px|right|Sopilas]]

Though, "relative intonation var[ies] considerably from example to example [and between instruments],"<ref name="Dario"/> the scale has also been described as derived from [[just intonation]]: [[subharmonic]]s seven to fourteen (approximately D, E, F, G{{music|b}}, A{{music|b}}, B{{music|b}}, C, D')({{audio|Istrian mode subharmonics 14 through 7 on C.mid|Play with one voice}} and {{audio|Istrian mode subharmonics 14 through 7 on C with two voices.mid|and with two voices}}).<ref name="Ruland">Ruland, Heiner (1992). ''Expanding Tonal Awareness'', p.43. Rudolf Steiner. {{ISBN|9781855841703}}. Described by [[Kathleen Schlesinger]] on the Greek ''[[aulos]]''</ref>

In [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]'s [[String Quartets, Op. 20 (Haydn)|String Quartet in F minor, Op. 20]] No. 5,<ref name="EvansAbraham"/> something like the Istrian mode, but without its top note, is found.<ref name="Roots"/> [[Uroš Krek]]'s ''Inventiones ferales'' (1962) uses the scale, "in a disguised manner".<ref>(2001). ''Muzikološki zbornik: Musicological annual, Volumes 37–39'', p.86. {{full|date=June 2014}}</ref> [[Tartini]] may have studied the scale,<ref name="EvansAbraham"/> and [[Bartók]] took note of the scale.<ref name="Ruland"/> [[Karol Pahor]]'s cycle of 15 pieces, ''Istrijanka'' (1950), was the result of study of the Istrian mode, as was [[Danilo Švara]]'s ''Sinfonia da camera in modo istriano'' (1957).<ref>Ray Robinson, Regina Chĺopicka, eds. (2003). ''Studies in Penderecki: Penderecki and the avant garde'', p.137. {{ISBN|9780911009118}}.</ref> The Istrian mode occurs in [[Josip Štolcer-Slavenski]]'s ''Balkanofonija'' (1927).<ref>Samson, Jim (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yJ60SHL4R-0C&pg=PA381 Music in the Balkans]'', p.381. Brill. {{ISBN|9789004250383}}.</ref>

Throughout the areas of Istria and the Kvarner Gulf the distinctive vocal singing has spread, consisting of alternating half and whole steps, which, particularly in older singers' and instrumentalists' renditions, are untempered. The songs are sung by pairs of singers (male, female, or mixed) in a characteristic two-part polyphony in minor thirds (or major sixths) with a cadence to a unison or an octave. Singers distinguish the higher (''na tanko'' "thin") part from the lower (''na debelo'' "fat").<ref>Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; and Goertzen, Chris (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1547 The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Europe]'', unpaginated. Routledge. {{ISBN|9781351544269}}.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:hr:Ča-val]]
* [[Descant]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Bezić, Jerko. "Yugoslavia, Folk Music: Croatia", ''New Grove Dictionary'' 2:594.

==External links==
* "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4MMVAl7fFo Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale]" (UNESCO), ''YouTube.com''.
* "[http://www.smrikve.com/istria/books/smrikve/istrian-music/ Few words about traditional Istrian Music and Dance]", ''Istria from Smrikve''.
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101225603/http://goldandsilverdots.studio8585.com/index.php?____option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=15&option=com_content The folk music of Krk Island]", ''Gold and Silver Dots''.

{{Scales}}
{{Intangible heritage of Croatia}}
{{UNESCO Oral and Intangible music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istrian Scale}}
[[Category:Musical scales]]
[[Category:Croatian folk music]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Istria]]
[[Category:Hemitonic scales]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian milk

2024-03-27T06:56:48Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Breed of sheep}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}} {{Infobox sheep breed | name = Istrian Milk | image = Istarska ovca.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Two dark colored Istrian Milk Sheep | status = Endangered<ref name="University of Oklahoma" /> | altname = Istrian Pramenka, Istarska Ovca, Istarka Prmane...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Breed of sheep}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox sheep breed
| name = Istrian Milk
| image = Istarska ovca.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Two dark colored Istrian Milk Sheep
| status = Endangered<ref name="University of Oklahoma" />
| altname = Istrian Pramenka, Istarska Ovca, Istarka Prmaneka, Istarka Mljenca, Istriana, Carsolina<ref name="University of Oklahoma" />
| nickname =
| country = Croatia, Slovenia, Italy<ref name="University of Oklahoma" />
| distribution = Croatia, Slovenia and Italy<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia" />
| standard =
| use = Primarily dairy, also wool and meat<ref name="University of Oklahoma" />
| maleweight = 95 kg<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" />
| femaleweight = 60–75 kg<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" />
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| skincolor =
| type = Pramenka
| woolcolor =
| facecolor =
| horns = Rams horned, ewes polled<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" />
| note =
}}

The '''Istrian Milk''' is a [[List of sheep breeds|breed]] of [[domestic sheep]] native to the [[Karst Plateau]] and the [[Istria]] region in [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]] and [[Italy]].<ref name="University of Oklahoma">{{cite web |title=Istrian Milk Sheep |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/sheep/istrianmilk|website=Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science |publisher=University of Oklahoma |access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref> The Istrian Milk is mainly used for its milk, which is primarily used in cheese making.<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia">{{cite web |last1=SIMČIČ |first1=Mojca |last2=KAIĆ |first2=Ana |last3=Bojkovski |first3=Danijela |title=Type traits of Istrian Pramenka in Slovenia compared to Istrian Sheep in Croatia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303477235 |website=ResearchGate |publisher=International Association for the Conservation of Animal Breeds in the Danube Region |access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref> Today, the breed is endangered.<ref name="Istrian Pramenka">{{cite web |last1=Kompan |first1=Drago |title=Istrian Pramenka |url=http://www.drobnica.si/files/rejski_programi/IP_zgibanka.pdf |publisher=University of Ljubljana |access-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012423/http://www.drobnica.si/files/rejski_programi/IP_zgibanka.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The Istrian Milk sheep is native to the Istrian peninsula of Croatia and the Karst region of Croatia, [[Slovenia]], and [[Italy]].<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" /> The breed likely developed out of indigenous sheep being crossed with [[Apulia|Apulian]] and [[Syria|Syrian]] breeds during Roman times, and [[balkan]] breeds in the 17th century.<ref name="Italian Journal of Animlal Science" /> The Istrian Milk was traditionally raised by [[transhumance]],<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia" /> with migratory herds grazing in [[Snežnik]] in the summer, [[Vremščica]] in the fall and Istria and [[Friuli]] through the winter months.<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" />

However, recent political division has prohibited transhumance grazing in the Istrian Milk's traditional range. This has caused the breed to be divided into three reproductively isolated groups: one in Croatia, one in Slovenia, and one in Italy.<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia" /> Today, they are primarily raised in permanent or semi-permanent herds.<ref name="Livestock Farming Systems" /> Although there are some variations in their characteristics, there is little genetic difference in these populations today.<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia" />

==Characteristics==
The Istrian Milk has a large frame and long, powerful legs. Rams typically weigh about 95 kg and have large, spiral shaped horns, while ewes weigh around 60–75 kg and are usually polled.<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" /> Typically, they are white-ish in color with dark brown or black spots,<ref name="Livestock Farming Systems">{{cite book |last1=Rubino |first1=Roberto |title=Livestock Farming Systems: Product Quality Based on Local Resources Leading to Improved Sustainability |date=2006 |publisher=Wageningen Academic Pub |isbn=978-9076998633 |page=169}}</ref> although there are some primarily dark animals as well.<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" /> Ewes are able to breed at two years of age, while rams can breed at one year. The Istrian Milks' average litter size is about 1.21 lambs.<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" />

The Istrian Milk sheep's milk is known for being very high in fat content and protein. Their milk averages a fat content of 9% and a 6.4% protein content, although some individual sheep can produce milk with 13% fat and 7% protein.<ref name="University of Oklahoma" /> Typically, Istrian Milk sheep produce 100–150 kg of milk per lactation,<ref name="University of Oklahoma" /> although studies have found that Croatian Istrian Milk sheep produce substantially more, averaging 205 kg of milk per lactation.<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia" /> There have been attempts to cross the Istrian Milk with the [[East Friesian sheep|East Friesian]] in order to increase its milk production.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Casasus |first1=I. |title=Animal farming and environmental interactions in the Mediterranean region |date=2012 |publisher=Wageningen Academic Publishers |location=Wageningen |isbn=978-9086861842 |page=229}}</ref>

==Uses==
As its name indicates, the Istrian Milk is primarily a dairy breed; however, it is kept for meat and wool as well.<ref name="University of Oklahoma" /> Its milk is primarily used for cheese making.<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia" /> Their milk is well-suited for cheese because of the breed's adaptations to its natural habitat, especially plants available for grazing. Their milk is traditionally used in [[Istrian cheese]], a traditional aged sheep cheese originating in the Istrian peninsula.<ref name="The Oxford Companion to Cheese">{{cite book |last1=Donnelly |first1=Catherine |last2=Kehler |first2=Mateo |title=The Oxford Companion to Cheese |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199330898 |page=384}}</ref> However, many other cheeses are produced from its milk, as well.<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" />

The Istrian Milk is also sometimes raised exclusively for lamb meat.<ref name="Livestock Farming Systems" /> Lambs are typically slaughtered at 5–6 weeks of age and 12–25 kg of weight. They have an average dressing percentage of 45.9%.<ref name="Italian Journal of Animlal Science">{{cite journal |last1=Piasentier |first1=Edi |last2=Valusso |first2=Roberto |last3=Leonarduzzi |first3=Roberta |last4=Pittia |first4=Paola |last5=Kompan |first5=Drago |title=Quality of Italian Istrian Milk lamb meat. Influence of carcass weight and feeding system |journal=Italian Journal of Animal Science |date=1 January 2002 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=65–77 |doi=10.4081/ijas.2002.65 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Due to small population size and issues with predatory animals, Istrian Milk lambs are normally not found for sale in Slovenia.<ref name="Istrian Pramenka" />

==Conservation status==
Today, the Istrian Milk sheep is endangered.<ref name="Livestock Farming Systems" /> The estimated remaining population includes roughly 2,743 in Croatia, roughly 1,020 in Slovenia, and around 1,000 in Italy.<ref name="Pramenka in Slovenia" /> In Italy, the breed was especially threatened by a general collapse of sheep raising in the Karst upland after World War II, which saw the number of Istrian Milk in Italy plummet to about 250 in 1983, down from around 1,000 in the early 1960s.<ref name="Italian Journal of Animlal Science" /> Today, however, there are conservation programs in place in all three countries with Istrian Milk populations.<ref name="Italian Journal of Animlal Science" /><ref name="University of Oklahoma" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Croatian cuisine]]
[[Category:Sheep breeds]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrian dialect

2024-03-27T06:56:43Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Slovene dialect spoken in Slovene Istra and south of Trieste in Italy}} {{Infobox language | name = Istrian dialect | fam5 = Western South Slavic | fam7 = Littoral dialect group | ancestor3 = Lower Carniolan dialect base | ancestor2 = Southern Slovene dialect | ancestor = Southeastern Slovene dialect...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Slovene dialect spoken in Slovene Istra and south of Trieste in Italy}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Istrian dialect
| fam5 = [[Western South Slavic]]
| fam7 = [[Littoral dialect group]]
| ancestor3 = Lower Carniolan dialect base
| ancestor2 = Southern Slovene dialect
| ancestor = Southeastern Slovene dialect
| fam6 = [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
| fam4 = [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam3 = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam1 = [[Indo-European]]
| ethnicity = [[Slovenes]]
| region = [[Slovene Istria]], municipalities of [[Muggia]] and [[San Dorligo della Valle]]
| states = [[Slovenia]], [[Italy]], [[Croatia]]
| map = Littoral dialect group.svg
| mapcaption = {{Legend0|#ffa24c}}{{Legend0|#ff854c}}Istrian dialect
| dia1 = [[Rižana subdialect]]
| dia2 = [[Šavrin Hills subdialect]]
| nativename = ˈiːstərskȯ naˈriːečje
| pronunciation = ˈiːstəɾskʊ͈ naˈɾiːɛt͡ʃi̯ɛ
}}
This article uses [[Slovene national phonetic transcription#Logar and Ramov%C5%A1 transcription|Logar transcription]].
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
The '''Istrian dialect''' ({{Lang-sl|istrsko narečje}} {{IPA-sl|ˈíːstəɾskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ|}},<ref>Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." ''Enciklopedija Slovenije'' vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.</ref> {{Lang-sl|istrščina|label=none}}<ref>Rigler, Jakob. 2001. ''Zbrani spisi: Jezikovnozgodovinske in dialektološke razprave''. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, p. 232.</ref>) is a [[Slovene dialects|Slovene dialect]] spoken in [[Slovene Istria]], as well as some settlements in [[Italy]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji |url=https://fran.si/204/sla-slovenski-lingvisticni-atlas/datoteke/SLA_Karta-narecij.pdf |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=Fran.si |publisher=Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU}}</ref> and [[Croatia]].<ref name=":1">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=374–377}}</ref> The dialect borders the Inner Carniolan dialect to the north and northeast, the [[Southern Chakavian]] and [[Buzet dialect]]s to the south, the [[Southwestern Istrian]] dialect to the southeast, and the [[Čičarija dialect]] to the east. The dialect belongs to the [[Littoral dialect group]], and it evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect base.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Logar |first=Tine |url=https://sla.zrc-sazu.si/eSLA/Karta_narecij_600dpi_CMYK.pdf |title=Karta slovenskih narečij |last2=Rigler |first2=Jakob |publisher=[[SAZU|Založba ZRC]] |year=2016 |language=sl}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=335–339}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
The dialect is spoken in [[Slovene Istria]] in most of the rural areas of the municipalities of [[Koper]] ({{lang-it|Capodistria}}), [[Izola]] ({{lang|it|Isola}}), [[Ankaran]] ({{lang|it|Ancarano}}), and [[Piran]] ({{lang|it|Pirano}}), as well as by the Slovenes living in the [[Italy|Italian]] municipalities of [[Muggia]] ({{lang-sl|Milje}}) and [[San Dorligo della Valle]] ({{lang|sl|Dolina}}), in the southern suburbs of [[Trieste]] ({{lang|sl|Trst}})—[[Servola]] ({{lang|sl|Škedenj}}) and [[Cattinara]] ({{lang|sl|Katinara}})<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Toporisic">Toporišič, Jože. 1992. ''Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika''. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, pp. 63, 257, 321.</ref>—and the Croatian villages of [[Slum, Croatia|Slum]] and [[Brest, Croatia|Brest]].<ref name=":1" /> Notable settlements include Koper, Izola, Ankaran, [[Strunjan]] ({{lang-it|Strugnano}}), Piran, [[Portorož]] ({{lang|it|Portorose}}), [[Dragonja, Piran|Dragonja]] ({{lang|it|Dragogna}}), [[Vanganel]], [[Marezige]], [[Dekani]], [[Spodnje Škofije]], and [[Črni Kal]] in Slovenia, and Muggia, [[Stramare]] ({{lang-sl|Štramar}}), San Dorligo della Valle, and Trieste in Italy.

== Accentul changes ==
The Istrian dialect has lost pitch accent on both long and short vowels, and the Šavrin Hills subdialect has lost differentiation between long and short vowels completely, whereas the Rižana subdialect is in the late stages of losing differentiation.<ref name=":2">{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=88–91}}</ref> It has undergone the {{Lang|sl|*ženȁ}} → {{Lang|sl|*žèna}}, {{Lang|sl|*məglȁ}} → {{Lang|sl|*mə̀gla}}, {{lang|sl|*visȍk}} → {{lang|sl|vìsok}}, {{Lang|sl|*ropotȁt}} → {{Lang|sl|*ròpotat}},<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|p=310–314}}</ref> and (partially) {{Lang|sl|*sěnȏ}} / {{Lang|sl|*prosȏ}} → {{Lang|sl|*sě̀no}} / {{Lang|sl|*pròso}} (e.g., {{lang|sl|ˈsiːenȯ}}) shifts.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=89}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
The dialect's phonology is in many aspects very close to the Inner Carniolan dialect, but in some features it barely shows similarities with other dialects from the Lower Carniolan dialect base. The greatest change happened to {{lang|sl|*ě̄}} and non-final {{lang|sl|*ě̀}}, which in the Lower Carniolan dialect base diphthongized into {{lang|sl|eːi̯}}, but then monophthongized into {{lang|sl|ẹː}} in some dialects. In the Istrian dialect, however, it diphthongized again, this time into {{lang|sl|iːe}}. Stressed {{lang|sl|*ę}} and {{lang|sl|*e}} turned into {{lang|sl|i̯eː}}. Stressed {{lang|sl|*ǫ}} turned into {{lang|sl|uːo}} or {{lang|sl|uːə}}. Short {{lang|sl|*ò}} turned into {{lang|sl|uː}} in all positions and {{lang|sl|*ō}} turned into {{lang|sl|uːo}}. The vowels {{lang|sl|*ù}} and {{lang|sl|*ū}} turned into {{lang|sl|yː}}, and in the south also into {{lang|sl|uː}}, {{lang|sl|əː}}, or {{lang|sl|u̯ə}}. In the Šavrin Hills subdialect, diphthongs have monophthongized for a second time; {{lang|sl|*ě}} turned into {{lang|sl|ẹː}}, {{lang|sl|*e}} and {{lang|sl|*ę}} turned into {{lang|sl|eː}}.<ref name=":2" />

Newly accented {{lang|sl|*e}} turned into {{lang|sl|iːe}} in the north and into {{lang|sl|ä}}/{{lang|sl|ȧ}} in the south, and newly accented {{lang|sl|*ə}} remained {{lang|sl|ə}} in the north, but turned into {{lang|sl|ä}}/{{lang|sl|ȧ}} in the south. Newly accented {{lang|sl|*o}} turned into {{lang|sl|u̯ä}} in the south. Short accented {{lang|sl|*i}} and {{lang|sl|*u}}, or if before the accented syllable, turned into {{lang|sl|e}}. Final {{lang|sl|*o}} turned into {{lang|sl|ȯ}}, {{lang|sl|u}}, or {{lang|sl|u̯ə}}, final {{lang|sl|*ǫ}} turned into {{lang|sl|u̯o}}, and final {{lang|sl|*ę}} turned into {{lang|sl|i̯e}}.<ref name=":2" />

Velar {{lang|sl|*ł}} remained velar before central and back vowels. The [[Slavic second palatalization|second Slavic palatalization]] is still present for dorsal consonants in the north: {{lang|sl|k}} →{{lang|sl|t’}}/{{lang|sl|ć}}/{{lang|sl|č}}, {{lang|sl|g}} → {{lang|sl|j}}, {{lang|sl|x}} → {{lang|sl|ś}}/{{lang|sl|š}}. Syllabic {{lang|sl|*ł̥̄}} turned into {{lang|sl|oːu̯}} or {{lang|sl|uː}}. The consonant {{lang|sl|*g}} turned into {{lang|sl|ɣ}} in the north and palatal sounds remained, except that {{lang|sl|*t’}} might have changed into {{lang|sl|ć}} or {{lang|sl|č}}. Final {{lang|sl|*m}} turned into {{lang|sl|n}}.<ref name=":2" />

In the villages of [[Kubed]], [[Gračišče]], [[Hrastovlje]], [[Dol pri Hrastovljah]], and [[Zazid]], the dialects lack the first monophthongization for {{lang|sl|*ě}}, and so it is still pronounced as {{lang|sl|*eːi̯}}, and {{lang|sl|iːe}} → {{lang|sl|i̯eː}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=89–90}}</ref>

== Morphology ==
The preposition ''pri'' is used with the genitive instead of the locative.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Logar|1996|p=88–89}}</ref> Apart from that, the morphology is poorly researched, but it is probably close to the Inner Carniolan dialect.

== Subdivision ==
{{Main articles|Rižana subdialect|Šavrin Hills subdialect}}
The Istrian dialect is split into two subdialects: the northern, more archaic [[Rižana subdialect]] and the southern [[Šavrin Hills subdialect]], which is more influenced by Croatian. The main differences are monophthongization and the loss of length differentiation in the Šavrin Hills dialect.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Logar |first=Tine |title=Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]], Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša |year=1996 |isbn=961-6182-18-8 |editor-last=Kenda-Jež |editor-first=Karmen |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |trans-title=Dialectological and etymological discussions |author-link=Tine Logar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Šekli |first=Matej |title=Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov |work=Collection Linguistica et philologica |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-961-05-0137-4 |editor-last=Legan Ravnikar |editor-first=Andreja |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |translator-last=Plotnikova |translator-first=Anastasija}}
{{Languages of Slovenia}}
{{Languages of Italy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Istrian dialect}}
[[Category:Slovene dialects]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrian Y

2024-03-27T06:56:40Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox road junction |country=HRV |road_type=A |name=Istrian Y |image=Istarski ipsilon.jpg |image_caption= |other_names={{lang-hr|Istarski ipsilon}} |location=Istria County |coord= |roads= {{jct|country=HRV|E|751}} {{jct|country=HRV|A|8}} {{jct|country=HRV|A|9}} |type= |const= |opened= |height= |maint=BINA Istra |tolls=Closed toll collection system |map= }} The...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox road junction
|country=HRV
|road_type=A
|name=Istrian Y
|image=Istarski ipsilon.jpg
|image_caption=
|other_names={{lang-hr|Istarski ipsilon}}
|location=[[Istria County]]
|coord=
|roads= {{jct|country=HRV|E|751}} {{jct|country=HRV|A|8}} {{jct|country=HRV|A|9}}
|type=
|const=
|opened=
|height=
|maint=[[BINA Istra]]
|tolls=Closed toll collection system
|map=
}}

The '''Istrian Y''' ({{lang-hr|Istarski ipsilon}}) is a [[highway]] network in the [[Highways in Croatia|Croatian highway network]] & [[Trans-European Transport Network|TEN-T]] network, maintained by [[BINA Istra]] (1995 - at least 2027). It consists of 2 sections arranged in a shape similar to the alphabetical letter 'Y', located in the [[Istria County]]:

*{{jct|A|8|country=HRV}} ([[Matulji]] - [[Kanfanar interchange|Kanfanar]])
*{{jct|A|9|country=HRV}} ([[Slovenia|Plovanija]] - [[Pula]] via Kanfanar)

== Eastern branch ==
{{main|A8 (Croatia)}}

The A8 is a {{convert|64.21|km|mi|abbr=on}} long branch which starts at [[Matulji]] in [[Primorje-Gorski Kotar County]] and finishes in [[Kanfanar interchange]], at the crossing with the A9. The branch was initially built as a single carriageway [[limited-access road]], but the part between Kanfanar and [[Pazin]] was projected as a [[dual carriageway]], so all the objects on the road are already prepared for a conversion to a motorway.

The most prominent feature of this branch of Istrian Y is the {{convert|5.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Učka Tunnel]], the third longest tunnel in Croatia. The tunnel was opened in 1981 and is the main road that connects the [[Istria|Istrian peninsula]] with [[Rijeka]] and the rest of Croatia (and the only road for vehicles over 5 tonnes<ref name=":0" />). The tunnel is tolled within a [[Closed toll collection|closed toll collection system]] with the rest of the network.

The first part opened as full motorway, from Kanfanar to Rogovići, was opened for traffic in 2011. Then, sections between Rogovići - Cerovlje, Cerovlje - Lupoglav, and Lupoglav - Vranja, opened in consecutive years from 2020.

== Western branch ==
{{main|A9 (Croatia)}}

The A9 is a {{convert|76.79|km|mi|abbr=on}} long branch which connects the [[Croatia]]n-[[Slovenia]]n border near [[Sečovlje]] with the city of [[Pula]] and services the tourist industry on the western coast of Istria. Motorway was initially built as single carriageway [[limited-access road|limited-access]] road.

There are two prominent object on this branch of Istrian Y: the [[viaduct]] "Limska draga" and the [[bridge]] "Mirna".

The viaduct "Limska draga" was built between 1988 and 1991 and was the first part of the western branch of Istrian Y that was constructed. The bridge is 552 m long and the height of the highest pillon is 120 m.

The bridge "Mirna" was opened to traffic in 2005. The bridge represents the crossing over river [[Mirna River (Croatia)|Mirna]] and was the most complicated object on the western branch of the Istrian Y because of the swampy terrain around the river. The bridge is 1355 m long and the height of the bridge at the highest point is 40 m. Currently the bridge is being tolled at the price of 14 [[Croatian kuna|HRK]] for passenger cars.

The southern leg of A9 motorway, between Kanfanar and Pula was opened as motorway for traffic in 2010. The northern leg of the A9 motorway, 50 km from [[Umag]] to [[Kanfanar]], was opened as motorway for traffic on 14 June 2011, eight months before the deadline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezadar.hr/clanak/kosor-otvorila-puni-profil-autoceste-na-istarskom-ipsilonu-od-kanfanara-do-umaga|title=Kosor otvorila puni profil autoceste na Istarskom ipsilonu od Kanfanara do Umaga|date=14 June 2011|language=Croatian|accessdate=15 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://regionalexpress.hr/site/more/sveano-otvorena-dionica-autoceste-umag-kanfanar/|title=Svečano otvorena dionica autoceste Umag – Kanfanar | work=Regional Express - online magazin|date=14 June 2011|language=Croatian|accessdate=15 June 2011}}</ref>

== Upgrade<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=State Aid SA.56832 (2020/N) – Croatia – Sixth amendment to the concession agreement relating to the Istrian Y Motorway (sub-phase 2B2-1: section Vranja Interchange to the Učka tunnel/Kvarner portal) |url=https://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases1/202040/286936_2193817_132_2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809204509/https://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases1/202040/286936_2193817_132_2.pdf |archive-date=2023-08-09 |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> ==
The network, especially the [[A8 (Croatia)|A8]] section and [[Učka Tunnel]], is undergoing (as of 2023) and due to further undergo, extensive upgrade & refurbishment works. The works are split into 2 phases, sub-phases, and parts.[[File:Bina-Istra Upgrade Phases.png|alt= Geographical illustration of the Bina-Istra Istrian-Y network, with the phases for upgrades overlaid|thumb|Bina-Istra upgrade phases for the Istrian-Y|291x291px]]

=== Completed Phases ===
* Phase 1 + 2A
** Construction of a dual-carriageway highway for the following sections:
*** Umag - Kanfanar - Pula (except for the [[Mirna Bridge]] & [[Limska Draga Viaduct]])
*** Kanfanar - [[Rogovići, Kaštelir-Labinci|Rogovići]]
** Construction of a single-carriageway highway for the following sections:
*** Mirna Bridge
*** Limska Draga Viaduct
*** Rogovići - [[Matulji]] (via Učka Tunnel)
*** Pula - [[Pomer, Croatia|Pomer]]
*** [[Plovanija]] - Umag
* Phase 2B1
** Construction of a {{Convert|28|km|mi|abbr=on}} second carriageway between Rogovići & [[Vranja]]

=== Phases Under Construction ===

==== Phase 2B2-1 ====
{{See also|Učka Tunnel#Safety Concerns}}
{{Further|Učka Tunnel#Upgrade}}

This phase is further split into 3 parts. All works are estimated to cost a total of [[Euro|EUR]] 191 million, including the costs for the new Učka Tunnel tube. It is under construction as of mid-2023.

The excavation of the second {{Convert|5.63|km|mi|abbr=on}} Učka Tunnel tube was officially completed on the 18 September 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Đečević |first=Jasmin |date=2023-09-18 |title=Probijena druga cijev tunela Učka! U prometu će biti do idućeg ljeta, počela izgradnja dionice do Matulja |trans-title=The second tube of the Učka tunnel has been breached! It will be in traffic until next summer, the construction of the section to Matulje has begun |url=https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/hrvatska/foto-video-probijena-druga-cijev-tunela-ucka-u-prometu-ce-biti-do-iduceg-ljeta-pocela-izgradnja-dionice-do-matulja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919172119/https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/hrvatska/foto-video-probijena-druga-cijev-tunela-ucka-u-prometu-ce-biti-do-iduceg-ljeta-pocela-izgradnja-dionice-do-matulja/ |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Novi list |language=hr}}</ref> It is planned to open to traffic before the Summer of June 2024,<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-29 |title=PM Satisfied with Pace of Construction of Učka Tunnel's Second Tube |url=https://total-croatia-news.com/news/politics/pm-satisfied-with-pace-of-construction-of-ucka-tunnel-s-second-tube/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Total Croatia |language=}}</ref> in readiness for the tourist season.

* Part A
** Construction of a new {{Convert|5.63|km|mi|abbr=on}} tube for Učka Tunnel
** Construction of a {{Convert|1.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} second carriageway between Vranja and Učka Tunnel's Istrian portal
** Construction of a {{Convert|0.45|km|mi|abbr=on}} second carriageway on Učka Tunnel's Kvarner portal side
** Construction of a new {{Convert|268.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Zrinšćak]] viaduct
** Construction of a new Vranja interchange, including new toll-booth
** Construction of new overpasses & underpasses
** Construction of a connection road between the carriageways over Učka Tunnel's Istrian portal
** Construction of two new toll-booth on either side of the Učka Tunnel
** Construction of a new building for the firefighting unit, on Učka Tunnel's Istrian portal side
** Demolition of one existing toll-booth on the existing Vranja interchange
* Part B
** Construction of a new rest area, on Učka Tunnel's Kvarner portal side
** Demolition of the existing rest area, on Učka Tunnel's Kvarner portal side
* Other works
** Upgrades to the existing Učka Tunnel tube's emergency and signalization systems
** Construction of a new Učka Tunnel control room
** Construction of new service buildings, on Učka Tunnel's Kvarner portal side
** Construction of a new enclosure fence

==== Other Phases ====
The primary source suggests the works in relation to these sub-phases are not a priority. However, according to sources<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PUNI PROFIL ISTARSKOG IPSILONA USKORO GOTOV: Dionicu Cerovlje - Vranja pustit će se u promet prije roka. Evo i detalja o drugoj cijevi tunela Učka |trans-title=FULL PROFILE OF ISTRIAN Y YEAR COMING SOON: The Cerovlje – Vranje section will be opened to traffic before the deadline. Here are the details of the second pipe of the Učka tunnel |url=https://www.glasistre.hr/istra/puni-profil-istarskog-ipsilona-uskoro-gotov-dionicu-cerovlje-vranja-pustit-ce-se-u-promet-prije-roka-evo-i-detalja-o-drugoj-cijevi-tunela-ucka-699076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009210800/https://www.glasistre.hr/istra/puni-profil-istarskog-ipsilona-uskoro-gotov-dionicu-cerovlje-vranja-pustit-ce-se-u-promet-prije-roka-evo-i-detalja-o-drugoj-cijevi-tunela-ucka-699076 |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Glas Istre |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pajić |first=Darko |date=2021-07-26 |title=Otvorena dionica Istarskog ipsilona od Cerovlja do Lupoglava u punom profilu: Do Matulja najkasnije 2025. |trans-title=Open section of the Istrian Y from Cerovlje to Lupoglav in full profile: To Matulji no later than 2025. |url=https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/otvorena-dionica-istarskog-ipsilona-od-cerovlja-do-lupoglava-u-punom-profilu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009210754/https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/otvorena-dionica-istarskog-ipsilona-od-cerovlja-do-lupoglava-u-punom-profilu/?meta_refresh=true |archive-date=2021-10-09 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Novi list |language=hr}}</ref> published later than this, Bina-Istra will develop these phases, with priority given to Phase 2B2-2. In July 2023 it was announced<ref>{{Cite web |last=Đečević |first=Jasmin |date=2023-07-16 |title=Još samo 500 metara do probijanja druge cijevi tunela Učka. Evo koliko će trajati putovanje od Zagreba do Pule |trans-title=Only 500 meters left until the second pipe of the Učka tunnel is broken through. Here is how long the journey from Zagreb to Pula will take |url=https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/hrvatska/jos-samo-500-metara-do-probijanja-druge-cijevi-tunela-ucka-evo-koliko-ce-trajati-putovanje-od-zagreba-do-pule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716170712/https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/hrvatska/jos-samo-500-metara-do-probijanja-druge-cijevi-tunela-ucka-evo-koliko-ce-trajati-putovanje-od-zagreba-do-pule/ |archive-date=2023-07-16 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Novi list |language=en}}</ref> that works on both these sub-phases would start imminently and last for 38 months until late 2026. Phase 2B2-2 is estimated to cost around EUR 200 million,<ref name=":2" /> and when complete, will mean the journey time between [[Pula]] and [[Zagreb]] is approximately 2 and a half hours. The completion of both these phases will mean the entire network will be a dual carriageway profile.

The official breakthrough of the second Učka Tunnel tube on the 18 September 2023 meant the official start of works for both these phases.<ref name=":2" />

* Phase 2B2-2
** Construction of a ~{{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} second carriageway between Matulji & Učka Tunnel's Kvarner portal side
** Construction of an improved junction at Anđeli
** Construction of drainage and management facilities to reduce the release of harmful liquids from vehicles into the environment<ref name=":1" />
** In future, should the planned [[A7 (Croatia)#New_Rijeka_bypass|new Rijeka bypass]] be constructed, an interchange will likely be constructed on this section<ref name=":1" />
* Phase 2B2-3
** Construction of a second carriageway for the Mirna Bridge & Limska Draga Viaduct

=== Remaining Phases ===
* Phase 2B2-4
** Construction of emergency lanes for some unprotected sections
It is also expected for the existing Učka Tunnel tube to close for some duration of time after the second tube is opened for traffic, in order to allow for refurbishment.

== See also ==
* [[BINA Istra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.viadukt.hr/projekti/objekti/vijadukt-limska-draga Viadukt company web-page about the viaduct]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606205815/http://www.istra-istria.hr/ The web page of Istria county, containing regulatory plans]

{{CroatianMotorways}}

[[Category:Transport in Istria County|Y]]
[[Category:Motorways in Croatia]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrian Spring Trophy

2024-03-27T06:56:35Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Croatian multi-day road cycling race}} {{Infobox cycling race | name = Istrian Spring Trophy | image = | date = Mid-March | region = Istria | english = | localnames = Istarsko proljeće {{in lang|hr}} | nickname = | discipline = Road race | competition = UCI Europe Tour | type = Stage race | organiser = | director =...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Croatian multi-day road cycling race}}
{{Infobox cycling race
| name = Istrian Spring Trophy
| image =
| date = Mid-March
| region = Istria
| english =
| localnames = Istarsko proljeće {{in lang|hr}}
| nickname =
| discipline = Road race
| competition = UCI Europe Tour
| type = Stage race
| organiser =
| director =
| first = {{Start date|1961}}
| number = 63 (as of 2024)
| last =
| firstwinner = {{flagathlete|[[Nevio Valčić]]|YUG}}
| mostwins = {{flagathlete|[[Janez Zakotnik]]|YUG}} ''(4 wins)''
| mostrecent = {{flagathlete|[[Noa Isidore]]|FRA}}
}}

'''Istrian Spring Trophy''' ({{lang-hr|Istarsko proljeće}}) is a stage [[road bicycle race]] held annually in the [[Croatia]]n part of the [[Istria]] peninsula. The race was first organized in 1961 as a small competition reserved to local cyclists. In 2000, it was opened to professional riders; since 2005, it is rated as a [[2.2]] event on the [[UCI Europe Tour]]. Before 2006, the race was called "Jadranska magistrala".

The 2012 edition of the race featured a [[Individual time trial|prologue]] and three stages totaling {{convert|487|km}}, and was contested by more than 200 cyclists from 35 teams.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hrsport.net/vijesti/436761/ostali-sportovi-biciklizam/austrijancu-istarsko-proljece/ | title=Austrijancu Istarsko proljeće | work=hrsport.net | date=19 March 2012 | language=hr | access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

==Winners==
{{Cycling past winner start}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1961|name={{sortname|Nevio|Valčić}}|nat=YUG|team=Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1962|name={{sortname|Nevio|Valčić}}|nat=YUG|team=Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1963|name={{sortname|Lino|Sebelić}}|nat=YUG|team=Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1964|name={{sortname|Jože|Šantavec}}|nat=YUG|team=Odred Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1965|name={{sortname|Franc|Škerlj}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1966|name={{sortname|Franc|Škerlj}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1967|name={{sortname|Cvitko|Bilić}}|nat=YUG|team=Siporex Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1968|name={{sortname|Cvitko|Bilić}}|nat=YUG|team=Siporex Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1969|name={{sortname|Milivoj|Pocrnja}}|nat=YUG|team=Siporex Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1970|name={{sortname|Cvitko|Bilić}}|nat=YUG|team=Siporex Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1971|name={{sortname|Janez|Zakotnik}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1972|name={{sortname|Janez|Zakotnik}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1973|name={{sortname|Ivan|Kastelic}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1974|name={{sortname|Janez|Zakotnik}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1975|name={{sortname|Branko|Bedeković}}|nat=YUG|team=ZMC Zagreb}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1976|name={{sortname|Bojan|Ropret}}|nat=YUG|team=Sava Kranj}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1977|name={{sortname|Janez|Zakotnik}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1978|name={{sortname|Drago|Frelih}}|nat=YUG|team=Sava Kranj}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1979|name={{sortname|Bojan|Ropret}}|nat=YUG|team=Sava Kranj}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1980|name={{sortname|Vinko|Polončič}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1981|name={{sortname|Bruno|Bulić}}|nat=YUG|team=Siporex Pula}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1982|name={{sortname|Milan|Petroš}}|nat=CSSR|team=Bohumin ČSSR}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1983|name={{sortname|Petar|Stojanović|Petar Stojanović (cyclist)}}|nat=YUG|team=Čukarički Beograd}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1984|name={{sortname|Primož|Čerin}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1985|name={{sortname|Andrej|Žaubi}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1986|name={{sortname|Željko|Pavlić}}|nat=YUG|team=ZMC Zagreb}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1987|name={{sortname|Marko|Polanc}}|nat=YUG|team=Sava Kranj}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1988|name={{sortname|Robert|Pintarič}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1989|name={{sortname|Gorazd|Penko}}|nat=YUG|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1990|name={{sortname|Marko|Polanc}}|nat=YUG|team=Sava Kranj}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1991|name={{sortname|Aleš|Pagon}}|nat=YUG|team=Sava Kranj}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1992|name={{sortname|Jure|Robič}}|nat=SLO|team=Astra Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1993|name={{sortname|Andres|Lauk}}|nat=EST|team=Szolniki C.}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1994|name={{sortname|Sandi|Papež}}|nat=SLO|team=Krka Novo Mesto}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1995|name={{sortname|Stanimir|Odrinski}}|nat=BUL|team=Celje}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1996|name={{sortname|Luca|Manfredini}}|nat=ITA|team=Caneva Italia}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1997|name={{sortname|Andrej|Hauptman}}|nat=SLO|team=Rog Ljubljana}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1998|name={{sortname|Mathias|Buxhofer}}|nat=AUT|team=ARBÖ Tel-Team}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=1999|name={{sortname|Arno|Kaspert}}|nat=AUT|team=ARBÖ Elk haus}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2000|name={{sortname|Vladimir|Miholjević}}|nat=CRO|team=[[KRKA–Telekom Slovenije]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2001|name={{sortname|Andrej|Hauptman}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Tacconi Sport–Vini Caldirola]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2002|name={{sortname|Jure|Golčer}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Perutnina Ptuj–KRKA Telekom]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2003|name={{sortname|Pieter|Weening}}|nat=NED|team=[[Rabobank TT3]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2004|name={{sortname|Jure|Zrimšek}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Perutnina Ptuj–KRKA Telekom]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2005|name={{sortname|Borut|Božič}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Perutnina Ptuj (cycling team)|Perutnina Ptuj]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2006|name={{sortname|Borut|Božič}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Perutnina Ptuj (cycling team)|Perutnina Ptuj]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2007|name={{sortname|Edvald|Boasson Hagen}}|nat=NOR|team=[[Maxbo–Bianchi]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2008|name={{sortname|Eddy|Ratti}}|nat=ITA|team=[[Nippo–Endeka]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2009|name={{sortname|Mitja|Mahorič}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Radenska KD Financial Point]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2010|name={{sortname|Robert|Vrečer}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Perutnina Ptuj (cycling team)|Perutnina Ptuj]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Istarsko proljece - Istrian Spring Trophy 2011: Stage 3 Results |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/istarsko-proljece-istrian-spring-trophy-2-2-1/stage-3/results/ |website=cyclingnews.com |access-date=28 September 2022 |date=20 March 2011}}</ref>|name={{sortname|Robert|Vrečer}}|nat=SLO|team=[[Perutnina Ptuj (cycling team)|Perutnina Ptuj]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2012|name={{sortname|Markus|Eibegger}}|nat=AUT|team={{UCI team code|GMS|2012}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2013|name={{sortname|Matej|Mugerli}}|nat=SLO|team={{UCI team code|ADR|2013}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2014|name={{sortname|Magnus|Cort}}|nat=DEN|team={{UCI team code|GLU|2014}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2015|name={{sortname|Markus|Eibegger}}|nat=AUT|team={{UCI team code|BCP|2015}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2016|name={{sortname|Olivier|Pardini}}|nat=BEL|team={{UCI team code|WBC|2016}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2017|name={{sortname|Matej|Mugerli}}|nat=SLO|team={{UCI team code|AMP|2017}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=[[2018 Istrian Spring Trophy|2018]]|name={{sortname|Krister|Hagen}}|nat=NOR|team={{UCI team code|TCO|2018}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Felix Gall vyhrál Istrian Spring Trophy |url=https://www.roadcycling.cz/clanek/felix-gall-vyhral-istrian-spring-trophy |website=RoadCycling.cz |access-date=28 September 2022 |language=cs}}</ref>|name={{sortname|Felix|Gall}}|nat=AUT|team={{UCI team code|DSU|2019}}}}
{{Cycling pw no race|year=2020|reason=the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia|COVID-19 pandemic]]}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Victory for Kiwi cyclist Finn Fisher-Black in Istrian Spring Trophy |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/300252681/victory-for-kiwi-cyclist-finn-fisherblack-in-istrian-spring-trophy |website=Stuff |access-date=28 September 2022 |date=15 March 2021}}</ref>|name={{sortname|Finn|Fisher-Black}}|nat=NZL|team={{UCI team code|JVD|2021}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Istarsko Proljeće – Istrian Spring Trophy |url=https://www.uci.org/competition-details/2022/ROA/66988 |website=UCI |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>|name={{sortname|Matthew|Riccitello}}|nat=USA|team={{UCI team code|HBA|2022}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2023|name={{sortname|Tijmen|Graat}}|nat=NED|team={{UCI team code|JVD|2023}}}}
{{Cycling past winner rider|year=2024|name={{sortname|Noa|Isidore}}|nat=FRA|team={{UCI team code|DAD|2024}}}}
{{Cycling past winner end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* HBS: Pobjednici Jadranske Magistrale. [https://web.archive.org/web/20010922122947/http://www.hbs.hr/magistrala/y2000/pobjednici_jadranske_magistrale.htm Wayback Archive]

[[Category:UCI Europe Tour races]]
[[Category:Cycle races in Croatia]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:Istria]]
[[Category:Spring (season) events in Croatia]]
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[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Social Democratic Forum

2024-03-27T06:56:31Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox political party | name = Istrian Social Democratic Forum | native_name = Istarski socijaldemokratski forum | logo = Isdf-mali.JPG | party_wikicolourid = | leader = Frane Milat | foundation = 14 December 1996 | ideology = Social democracy Istrian regionalism | headquarters = Pula | website = {{url|http://www.isdf-fsdi.hr/}} | international = | count...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Istrian Social Democratic Forum
| native_name = Istarski socijaldemokratski forum
| logo = Isdf-mali.JPG
| party_wikicolourid =
| leader = Frane Milat
| foundation = 14 December 1996
| ideology = [[Social democracy]] [[Istrianism|Istrian regionalism]]
| headquarters = [[Pula]]
| website = {{url|http://www.isdf-fsdi.hr/}}
| international =
| country = Croatia
| colorcode = {{party color|Istrian Social Democratic Forum}}
}}

'''Istrian Socialdemocratic Forum''' ({{lang-hr|Istarski socijaldemokratski forum, ISDF}}, {{lang-it|Foro social democratico Istriano, FSDI}}) was a regional [[left-wing]] political party in [[Istria County]] of [[Croatia]].

It was founded by dissident faction of [[Istrian Democratic Assembly]] and firstly it was named Istrian Democratic Forum, led by [[Luciano Delbianco]], former prefect of Istria County.

In the past, it has usually been allied with [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]], but is currently allied with a number of small leftist parties, such as the [[Left of Croatia]].

== Electoral history ==

=== Legislative ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Election
!In coalition with
!Votes won
(coalition totals)
!Percentage
!Seats won
!Change
|-
|[[2003 Croatian parliamentary election|'''2003''']]
|''None''
|5,685
|0.23%
|{{Composition bar|0|151}}
|{{Steady}}
|-
|[[2007 Croatian parliamentary election|'''2007''']]
|[[Socialist Labour Party of Croatia|SRP]]-[[Left of Croatia|LH]]-[[Croatian Social Democrats|HSD]]
|9,884
|0.40%
|{{Composition bar|0|151}}
|{{Steady}}
|}

==Sources==
*[http://www.istrapedia.hr/hrv/1168/istarski-demokratski-forum-idf/istra-a-z/ Istarski demokratski forum (IDF)] {{in lang|hr}}
{{Croatian political parties}}

[[Category:1996 establishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1996]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in Croatia]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Croatia]]

{{Croatia-party-stub}}
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Shorthaired Hound

2024-03-27T06:56:30Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}   {{Infobox Dogbreed | name = Istrian Short-haired Hound ''Istarski kratkodlaki gonič'' | image = Istrische Bracke.jpg | image_caption = Istrian Short-haired Hound | country = Croatia  | kc_name = Croatian Kennel Club | kc_s...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}


{{Infobox Dogbreed
| name = Istrian Short-haired Hound ''Istarski kratkodlaki gonič''
| image = Istrische Bracke.jpg
| image_caption = Istrian Short-haired Hound
| country = Croatia

| kc_name = Croatian Kennel Club
| kc_std = http://webeng.hks.hr/istrian-short-haired-hound/
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/151g06-en.pdf
}}

The '''Istrian Short-haired Hound''' ({{lang-hr|istarski kratkodlaki gonič}}) is a [[dog breed|breed]] of [[dog]] from [[Istria]] in [[Croatia]], descended from a very old [[dog type|type]] of [[scenthound]]. This hound is the slightly smaller counterpart to the longer-coated [[Istrian Coarse-haired Hound]] from the same region.

== Appearance==
The Istrian Short-haired Hound has a short, smooth, glossy, hard coat, primarily white with sparse patches of orange. The breed has a typical well-muscled hound body, with long legs and a long tail. The head is fairly broad and flat (not domed on top) with short (for a hound) triangular drop ears that hang close to the head, a type typically called East European.<ref name="Clark/Brace">{{cite book| last = Clark| first = Anne Rogers| author-link = Anne Rogers Clark| title = The International Encyclopedia of Dogs |author2=Andrew H. Brace | publisher = Howell Book House| year = 1995| pages = 266| isbn = 0-87605-624-9}}</ref>

The ideal height for an adult dog is 50 cm (19.5 in) at the [[withers]] and weight is about 18 kg (40 lb); females are slightly smaller.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ukcdogs.com/WebSite.nsf/Breeds/IstrianShort-HairedHound |title=UKC Standard |access-date=2009-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122081127/http://www.ukcdogs.com/WebSite.nsf/Breeds/IstrianShort-HairedHound |archive-date=2009-01-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The cry or baying while hunting (important for a scenthound) is described as persistent and sharp.

== History ==
Although the name indicates Istria as the place of origin, place of formation is also [[Croatian Littoral]] and [[Dalmatia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Špoljarić |first1=Boris |title=65 godina priznanja pasmina istarskih goniči (65 years of recognition of the breed of Istrian hounds) |journal=Moj Pas (My Dog) |date=2020 |issue=Lipanj (June) |page=6 |url=https://web.hks.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Moj-Pas-062020-FINAL-online.pdf |access-date=1 November 2020 |language=hr}}</ref> A description was given by the [[Bishop of Đakovo]] Petar Bakić in 1719.<ref name="standard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/151g06-en.pdf |title=Breed Standard |access-date=2009-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105063033/http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/151a2002_en.doc |archive-date=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The old type is seen in the [[Posavac Hound|Posavaz Hound]] and the Istrian Coarse-haired Hound, as well. The smooth- and coarse-haired hounds were used for hunting in Istria (see the article on [[Motovun]] for photographs of the sort of mountainous terrain they were bred to hunt) while the Posavaz Hound is from the [[Sava]] Valley. The Istrian hounds are thought to be the oldest of the hound breeds in the Balkan region.<ref name="Clark/Brace" />

A stud book was established in 1924 to document which hounds were considered of this breed. The FCI accepted the breed in 1949, but the first breed standard was not published until 1973 (the FCI does not write the breed standard, it is written in the breed's country of origin and published by the FCI to be used internationally, so that other countries will also describe the breed in the same manner as the breed's home country, and not change it to suit themselves.)<ref name="standard" /> It is recognised in the scenthound group 6. It is also recognised in the scenthound group in North America by the United Kennel Club. It also is recognised under its original name, the standard English translations, other translations or combinations of the translation and Croatian name by minor kennel clubs and other organisations. It also may be promoted as a [[rare breed (dog)|rare breed]] for those seeking an unusual pet.

The Istrian Short-haired Hound is still kept in its homeland and in nearby areas for hunting, not as a pet, and is especially valued for hunting fox and rabbit.<ref name="Clark/Brace" />

== Health and temperament ==
No specific health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. The ideal temperament according to the [[breed standard (dogs)|standard]] is docile and calm, and lively and enthusiastic when hunting.

==See also==
* [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]]
* [[List of dog breeds]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Croatian dogs}}

[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Croatia]]
[[Category:FCI breeds]]
{{Hounds}}
[[Category:Rare dog breeds]]
[[Category:Scent hounds]]
{{Commons category|Istarski kratkodlaki gonič}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian National Theater

2024-03-27T06:56:24Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|Opera house in Pula, Croatia}} {{Infobox venue |name = Istrian National Theatre |image = |image_size = 260 |caption = |address = Laginjina ul. 5, Pula |country = Croatia |designation = |latitude = |longitude = |architect = |owner = |capacity = 697 |type = National the...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Opera house in Pula, Croatia}}
{{Infobox venue
|name = Istrian National Theatre
|image =
|image_size = 260
|caption =
|address = Laginjina ul. 5, Pula
|country = [[Croatia]]
|designation =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|architect =
|owner =
|capacity = 697
|type = National theatre, opera and ballet house
|broke_ground = 1871
|opened =
|yearsactive =
|renovated = 1918; 1956; 1980s
|closed =
|othernames =
|production =
|currentuse =
|website = {{URL|http://www.ink.hr}}
}}
The '''Istrian National Theater''' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''Istarsko narodno kazalište'' or ''INK'') is a city theater and cultural institution in [[Pula]], established by a decision of the National Committee of the City of [[Pula]] on March 19, 1948. The INK is housed in a multi-purpose building, whose former name was ''Politeama Ciscutti''.

==History==
In 1871, Pula got the theater building ''Politeama Ciscutti'', a universal auditorium for all types of stage and music events as well as various entertainment activities. The Ciscutti Theatre, located on the border of the historic core and the future modern business center of the city, was built according to [[Ruggero Berlam]]'s project by entrepreneur Pietro Ciscutti. The auditorium consisted of a stage, twenty-eight lodges in the mezzanine, thirty lodges on the first floor and balconies and galleries. The theater could accommodate 800 visitors.

On November 28, 1896, less than a year after Paris, and only a month after Zagreb, the first attempt to show a "motion picture" took place in Pula, at the Ciscutti.

===Mussolini's speech===
Perhaps the most important event for international history that took place in the theater was when on September 20, 1920, [[Benito Mussolini]], during his only visit in Pula, gave a speech at the ''Ciscutti'', uttering the following, often quoted words:{{quote|When dealing with such a race as the Slavic – inferior and barbaric – we must not pursue the carrot, but the stick policy. We should not be afraid of new victims. The Italian border should run across the [[Brenner Pass]], [[Snežnik|Monte Nevoso]] and the [[Dinaric Alps]]. I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians.|[[Benito Mussolini]], speech held in [[Pula]], 20 September 1920<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyVMfMQoSCYC&pg=PT46 |title=Aut aut |year=2011 |isbn=9788865761069 |first=Marta |last=Verginella |chapter=Antislavismo, razzismo di frontiera? |language=it}}</ref>}}

and infamously stated:{{quote|What's the history of the Fasci? It is brilliant! We set the ''Avanti!'' of Milan on fire, we destroyed it in Rome. We have shot down our opponents in the electoral struggles. We set fire to the Croatian house in Trieste, we set it on fire in Pula [...]|[[Benito Mussolini]], speech held in [[Pula]], 20 September 1920<ref name="scotti">{{cite web|url=http://www.marx21.it/index.php/storia-teoria-e-scienza/storia/23572-sulle-foibe-un-giorno-per-tutti-i-ricordi|title= Sulle Foibe un giorno per tutti i ricordi |author=Giacomo Scotti |publisher= Associazione Politico-Culturale Marxxxi|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/elzfc |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="chiurco">{{cite book|author=Giorgio Alberto Chiurco|title=Storia della rivoluzione fascista, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9w7AQAAIAAJ&q=Qual+%C3%A8+la+sto%C2%ADria+dei+Fasci|date=1929|publisher=Valecchi|page=270}}</ref>}}

Mussolini's speech expressed a common Fascist opinion against the Croatian and [[Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)|Slovene minority]] in the [[Julian March]],<ref name="Sestani2012-02">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://docs.google.com/open?id=1kDBSJkZ2klBX9k8mY80C9HZZ-kO5iydHY7_t9DiV5xdZWSNt_CPas-GkxGX8 |title=Gli esuli istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca |language=it |trans-title=The Istrian, Dalmatian and Rijeka Refugees in Lucca |publisher=Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca |chapter=Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi |trans-chapter=The Eastern Border: One Land, Multiple Exoduses |date=10 February 2012 |editor=Sestani, Armando |pages=12–13}}</ref> and was a prelude to the brutal violence against the population of the latter.<ref name="senato">{{cite web|url=http://www.senato.it/leg/14/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00004339.htm|title=Legislatura 14ª - Aula - Resoconto stenografico della seduta n. 563 del 16/03/2004 |author= [[:it:Marcello Basso|Marcello Basso]]|publisher= [[Italian Senate|Senato.it]]|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/az03s |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="manifesto">{{cite web|url=https://ilmanifesto.it/sulle-foibe-un-giorno-per-tutti-i-ricordi/|title= Sulle Foibe un giorno per tutti i ricordi |author= Giacomo Scotti|publisher= [[Il manifesto]]|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/LCqim |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reconstruction==
The original theater, inaugurated on September 24, 1881 (constructed after Ciscutti built the smaller ''Teatro Nuovo'', opened on December 28, 1854, between Dante Square and Sergijevac Street, next to the Church of Our Lady of Mercy), was renovated and rebuilt a number of times. When the theater building was reconstructed and renovated for the second time (the first time was in 1918), the works were completed in October 1956. After the reconstruction, the theater was taken over by the National Committee of the District with the aim of expanding the activities of the Theater to the entire territory of Istria (the National Theater from Buje was annexed), so the name was changed into the ''Istrian National Theater''. After 23 seasons of activity with 213 premieres (199 theatrical and 14 operetta titles) 125 authors (66 foreign and 59 domestic) and 2,050 plays, the Liquidation Committee of the Municipal Assembly of Pula on April 29, 1971 issued a decision on the termination of the Istrian National Theater as an institution, due to financial reasons.<ref name="Pula U">{{cite thesis |last= Žufić|first= David|year= 2019|title= ''Grad na razdjelnici: Pula na prijelazu iz 1980-ih u 1990-e''|type= |chapter= |publisher= [[University of Pula]]|docket= |oclc= |url=https://repozitorij.unipu.hr/islandora/object/unipu%3A4189/datastream/PDF/view |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>

For eighteen years, the people of Pula waited for the theater building to be renovated and reconstructed for the third time, and finally welcomed the grand opening on May 5, 1989, with the performance of [[Jakov Gotovac]]'s opera [[Ero s onoga svijeta|Ero the Joker]].<ref name="Pula U"/>

==Theater==
The large hall of the ''INK'' has 697 seats. There is an orchestra between the stage and the floor. Around the floor, which has 316 seats, there are semicircular left and right mezzanines, and each mezzanine lodge has 46 seats. Above the mezzanine is the first floor, which has the same number of seats on each side as the mezzanine. At the very top there is a balcony divided into three parts, left (54 seats), middle (89 seats) and right (54 seats).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.ink.hr/}} {{in lang|hr}}

{{coord|45|52|3.45|N|13|50|48.97|E|display=title|type:landmark}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Theatres in Croatia]]
[[Category:Pula]]
[[Category:National theatres]]
[[Category:Opera houses in Croatia]]
[[Category:1860 establishments in Croatia]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Italians

2024-03-27T06:56:20Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Ethnic group in Europe}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group= Istrian Italians | native_name ={{native name|it|Istriani italiani}} {{native name|sl|Italijanski Istrani}} {{native name|hr|Talijanski Istrani}} |poptime= |image = Istria-Italians-1991.gif |image_caption = Percentage of Italians in Croatia's and...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Ethnic group in Europe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group= Istrian Italians
| native_name ={{native name|it|Istriani italiani}} {{native name|sl|Italijanski Istrani}} {{native name|hr|Talijanski Istrani}}
|poptime=
|image = Istria-Italians-1991.gif
|image_caption = Percentage of Italians in [[Croatia]]'s and [[Slovenia]]'s Istria, 1991
|popplace = [[Istria]], [[Italy]]
|rels=[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
|langs=[[Italian language|Italian]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Istriot language|Istriot]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]]
|related-c=[[Dalmatian Italians]], [[Slovenes]], [[Croats]], [[Italians]]
}}

'''Istrian Italians''' ({{lang-it|istriani italiani}}; {{lang-sl|Italijanski Istrani}}; {{lang-hr|Talijanski Istrani}}) are an ethnic group from the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] region of [[Istria]] in modern northwestern [[Croatia]] and southwestern [[Slovenia]]. Istrian Italians descend from the original Latinized population of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Istria#Early history|Histria]], from the [[Venetian language|Venetian]]-speaking settlers who colonized the region during the time of the [[Republic of Venice]], and from the local [[Croats|Croatian]] people who culturally assimilated.<ref>[http://www.storicamente.org/02antolini.htm History of Istria: Slavs and Latins (in Italian)]</ref>

More than 50% of the total population of Istria for centuries,<ref name="iemed"/> Istrian Italians were 36% in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storico.org/seconda_guerra_mondiale/esodoitaliano_istria.html|title=Esodo italiano dall'Istria|access-date=6 March 2023|language=it}}</ref> Today, as a result of the [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]] (1943–1960), the majority of Istrian Italians live outside of the Istrian peninsula; however, a significant Italian minority still lives in the [[Croatia]]n [[County of Istria]] (5.01%) and in [[Slovenian Istria]] (3.3%), where they are granted [[minority rights]]. According to the official Slovenian and Croatian censuses conducted in 2001 and 2002 respectively, they number around 22,000.<ref name="dzs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html|title=Državni Zavod za Statistiku|language=hr|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="stat">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.si/Popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7|title=Popis 2002|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> The Istrian–Dalmatian exodus, on the other hand, numbers between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians.<ref>{{cite web |first=Benedetta |last=Tobagi |url=http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |title=La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere |publisher=Treccani.it |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>

Throughout history, Istrian Italians exerted a vast and significant influence on Istria, especially cultural and architectural. The number of people resident in the Croatian part of Istria declaring themselves to be Italian nearly doubled between 1981 and 1991 (i.e. before and after the dissolution of Yugoslavia).<ref>[http://ifa.amu.edu.pl/psicl/files/35/05Jahn.pdf The political, ethnic and linguistic borders of the upper Adriatic after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, J.E. Jahn, Heidelberg Germany 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927161519/http://ifa.amu.edu.pl/psicl/files/35/05Jahn.pdf |date=2013-09-27 }}</ref>

==History==

=== Early period ===
Historian [[Theodor Mommsen]] wrote that Istria (the X region of ''Roman Italia'' since [[Augustus]]) was fully romanized in the 5th century AD.<ref>Theodore Mommsen. ''The Provinces of the Roman Empire''.Chapter I.</ref>

Between 500 and 700 AD, Slavs settled in Southeastern Europe (Eastern Adriatic), and their number ever increased, and with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman invasion]] Slavs were pushed from the south and east.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demography and the Origins of the Yugoslav Civil War |url=http://www.demog.berkeley.edu/~gene/migr.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609212454/http://demog.berkeley.edu/~gene/migr.html |archivedate=2010-06-09 }}</ref> This led to Italic people becoming ever more confined to urban areas, while some areas of the countryside were populated by Slavs, with exceptions in western and southern Istria which remained fully Romance-speaking.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Olive Grove Revolution |author=Jaka Bartolj |work=Transdiffusion |url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/intertel/features/the_olive_grove.php |quote=While most of the population in the towns, especially those on or near the coast, was Italian, Istria's interior was overwhelmingly Slavic – mostly Croatian, but with a sizeable Slovenian area as well. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918031325/http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/intertel/features/the_olive_grove.php |archivedate=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

By the 11th century, most of the interior mountainous areas of northern and eastern Istria ([[Liburnia]]) were inhabited by [[South Slavs]], while the Romance population continued to prevail in the south and west of the peninsula. Linguistically, the Romance inhabitants of Istria were most probably divided into two main linguistic groups: in the north-west, the speakers of a [[Rhaeto-Romance language]] similar to [[Ladin language|Ladin]] and [[Friulian]] prevailed, while in the south, the natives most probably spoke a variant of the [[Dalmatian language]].

One modern claim suggests the original language of the romanized Istrians survived the invasions, this being the [[Istriot language]] which was spoken by some near [[Pula]].<ref>[http://xoomer.virgilio.it/arupinum/menuistrioto.html Istrioto, the autochthonous language of southern Istria (in Italian)]</ref> [[Republic of Venice]] influenced the neolatins of Istria for many centuries from the [[Middle Ages]] until 1797, until conquered by [[Napoleon]]: [[Koper|Capodistria]] and Pola were important centres of art and culture during the Italian [[Renaissance]].<ref>[http://www.istrianet.org/istria/illustri/index.htm Prominent Istrians]</ref> Other historians have attributed the ancient language of romanized Istrians as being the [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]].

=== Venetian era ===
[[File:Serenissima.png|thumb|center|1000px|Map of [[Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]] with the ancient domains of the [[Republic of Venice]] (indicated in fuchsia. Dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally)]]
In the 14th century, epidemics such as the [[Black Death]] decimated in those years the Istrian population, which was still mostly of Romance ethnicity. As a consequence of depopulation, Venice started settling Slavic communities to repopulate the interior areas of the peninsula. These were mostly [[Čakavian]] and partially [[Štokavian]] speaking South Slavs from Dalmatia and present-day [[Montenegro]] (differently from [[Kajkavian]] and proto-[[Slovene language|Slovene]] speakers that lived in the northern areas of the peninsula).

At the same time, settlers from the [[Veneto]] region were used to resettle the towns. This caused a [[language shift]] of the local Romance population who replaced the old Romance (either [[Rhaeto-Romance]] or [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Dalmatian]]) languages with the [[Venetian dialect|Venetian language]]. Only in the extreme south of the peninsula did the original Istrian Romance language survive: under strong Venetian influences it transformed itself into the modern [[Istriot language]]. Until the early 19th century, [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] continued to be spoken on the island of Veglia / [[Krk (island)|Krk]], and a dialect of [[Friulian]] in the town of [[Muggia]]: both became extinct in the mid 19th century, replaced by Venetian.

In 1374 Because of the implementation of a treaty of inheritance, central and eastern Istria fell to the [[House of Habsburg]], while Venice continued to control the northern, western and south-eastern portion of the peninsula, including the major coastal towns of Capodistria / [[Koper]], Parenzo / [[Poreč]], Rovigno / [[Rovinj]], Pola / [[Pula]], Fianona / [[Plomin]], and the interior towns of Albona / [[Labin]] and Pinguente / [[Buzet]].<ref>Antolini, Nicola. ''Slavi e Latini in Istria tra cinquecento e novecento: origini storiche e problemi del contesto multietnico istriano''.First section</ref> This created a dichotomy that characterized Istria until the late 18th century. The Venetian culture and language left a profound impact on Venetian Istria. By the Baroque and Enlightenment periods, Istrian Italians were completely integrated into the wider Italian culture via their belonging to the Republic of Venice. The towns of Venetian Istria became almost exclusively Venetian-speaking, and Venetian Italian was the language of commerce, culture and administration. Nevertheless, significant numbers of South Slavic speakers (mostly Slovene and [[Čakavian|Čakavian Croatian]]) continued to dwell in the rural areas of Venetian Istria, especially in the north of the province and on the border with Austrian Istria.

On the other hand, interior and eastern Istria were included in the Central European cultural sphere and were dominated by a feudal culture. By the late 18th century, the vast majority of Austrian Istria were Slavic (Slovene and Croat) speakers.

After the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] (1797) Austria occupied the Venetian part of the peninsula. After a short French interim, Austria reconquered the whole peninsula in 1813, and unified it into a single province. As a result, Istrian Italians became a minority in the new administrative unit, although they maintained their social and part of their political power.

=== Austrian period ===
[[File:Istria census 1910.PNG|thumb|200px|right|1910 census, percentages of the poputalation who used Italian as the main language.]]
Although the incorporation into the [[Austrian Empire]] caused deep changes in the political assets of the region, it did not alter the social balance. Venetian-speaking Istrian Italians continued to dominate the region both culturally and economically. In the first half of the 19th century, the use of the Venetian language even extended to some areas of former Austrian Istria, like the town of [[Pazin]] / Pisino. The Austrian censuses detected a gradual but constant rise of Italian speakers both in numerical and proportional terms: in 1848, around a third of Istrians were Italian (Venetian or Istriot) speakers.

From the early 19th century onward, the local [[Croats]] and [[Slovenes]] engaged in a [[Romantic nationalism|national revival]], demanding linguistic and national rights that challenged the supremacy of the Italian language and culture in Istria. The Croatian-Slovene national movement gained force only in the second part of the 19th century, causing a clash with a parallel nationalist movement of the Istrian Italians.<ref>Benussi, Bernardo. ''L' Istria nei suoi due millenni di storia''. p. 63</ref>

Many Istrian Italians looked with sympathy towards the [[Risorgimento]] movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after 1866, when the [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli]] regions were ceded by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom Italy]], Istria remained part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic ([[Trieste]], [[Gorizia and Gradisca]], [[Rijeka|Fiume]]). This triggered the gradual rise of [[Italian irredentism]] among many Italians in Istria, who demanded the unification of the [[Austrian Littoral]], Fiume and [[Dalmatia]] with Italy.

Under [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian rule]] in the 19th century, it included a large population of [[Italians]], [[Croats]], [[Slovenes]], some [[Vlachs]]/[[Istro-Romanians]] and even a few [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]]. The Italians in Istria supported the Italian [[Italian unification|Risorgimento]]: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favoured the Slav communities of Istria <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fvgnews.net/view.php?t=n&k=2790 |title=Paolo Radivo: Italian Irredentism in Istria (in Italian) |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024074852/http://www.fvgnews.net/view.php?t=n&k=2790 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the [[Germanization]] or [[Slavization]] of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:<ref>''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, ''Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra'', Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)</ref>

{{quote|text=Her Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|South Tyrol]], [[Dalmatia]] and [[Austrian Littoral|Littoral]] for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.|author=|source=Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866<ref>''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop| title=Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung | year= 1993 |isbn= 3484311347|page=279|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3tCTXoeAysC&pg=279}}</ref>}}

This tension created - by some claims - a "huge" emigration of Italians from Istria before [[World War I]], reducing their percentage inside the peninsula inhabitants (there are some claims Italians made more than 50% of the total population for centuries,<ref name="iemed">{{cite web|url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/istrian-spring/|title=Istrian Spring|access-date=24 October 2022}}</ref> but at the end of the 19th century they were reduced to only two fifths according to some estimates).

A limited tension with the Austrian state did not in fact stop the rise of the use of the Italian language, in the second part of the 19th century, when the population of predominantly Italian-speaking towns in Istria rose dramatically: in the part of Istria that eventually became part of Croatia, the first Austrian census from 1846 found 34 thousand Italian speakers, alongside 120 thousand Croatian speakers. Until 1910, the proportion changed: there were 108 thousand Italian speakers and 134 thousand Croatian speakers. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Žerjavić|first=Vladimir|title=DOSELJAVANJA I ISELJAVANJA S PODRUČJA ISTRE, RIJEKE I ZADRA U RAZDOBLJU 1910-1971.|journal= Journal of Modern Italian Studies|year=2008|volume=13|issue=2 |pages=237–258|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/52845}}</ref> Vanni D'Alessio notes (2008), the Austrian surveys of the language of use (in the Austrian censuses, the ethnic composition of the population wasn't surveyed, only the "Umgangsprache") "overestimated the diffusion of the socially dominant languages of the empire... The capacity of assimilation of the Italian language suggests that amongst those who declared themselves Italian speakers in Istria, there were people whose mother tongue was different." D'Alessio notes even the people who immigrated from non-Croatian and non-Italian parts of the Habsburg Empire tended to use Italian, after living in Istrian towns long enough. Contrasting the claims of a "huge emigration" of Italians from Istria, D'Allesio writes about an important influx of immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy to Istria, during the last decades of the Austrian rule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D'Alessio|first=Vanni|title=From Central Europe to the northern Adriatic: Habsburg citizens between Italians and Croats in Istria|journal=Journal of Modern Italian Studies |year=2008|volume=13|issue=2 |pages=237–258|doi=10.1080/13545710802010990 |s2cid=145797119 | url=https://www.academia.edu/1265458}}</ref>

In the same period, the Istrian Slovenes and Croats, who represented around three-fifths of the Istrian population, increased their demands for national and linguistic emancipation. The result was the intensification of the ethnic strife between the two groups, although it was limited to institutional battles and it rarely manifested in violent forms.

Indeed, in 1910, the ethnic and linguistic composition was completely mixed and the Italians were reduced to a minority, although still significant. According to the Austrian census results, out of 404,309 inhabitants in the "[[Margravate of Istria]]", 168,116 (41.6%) spoke [[Croatian language|Croatian]], 147,416 (36.5%) spoke [[Italian language|Italian]], 55,365 (13.7%) spoke [[Slovene language|Slovene]], 13,279 (3.3%) spoke [[German language|German]], 882 (0.2%) spoke [[Romanian language|Romanian]], 2,116 (0.5%) spoke other languages and 17,135 (4.2%) were non-citizens, which had not been asked for their language of communication.

Excluding the almost exclusively Croatian-speaking areas that were annexed to Yugoslavia after WWI ([[Kastav]] and the island of Krk), Istria had 39% of Italian speakers, 37% of Croatian, and 14.7% Slovene speakers.

Until the end of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the bourgeois Italian [[Liberal nationalism|national liberal]] elites retained much of the political control in Istria.

=== Under Italy ===
{{See also|Julian March}}

During World War One, many Istrians fought as volunteers on the Italian side against the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Among them, the most famous was the [[Nazario Sauro]] from [[Koper]] (Capodistria).<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/parte04/bio04/movm420b.asp Biography of Nazario Sauro]</ref>

After the end of the war, the whole peninsula was occupied by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]], and officially annexed to Italy with the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] of 1920. Istria was included in the administrative region known as the [[Julian March]]/Venezia Giulia. After the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] takeover of Italy in 1922, Italian became the sole language of administration and education. A fierce policy of [[Italianization]] was followed which prohibited all use of any language but Italian. Many Slovenes and Croats left the region, which strengthened the Italian positions. However, ethnic tensions grew, and a Slovenian and Croatian anti-Fascist insurgency started to appear in the late 1920s, although it was much less strong than in other parts of the Julian March.

Indeed, before the Treaty of Rapallo, the Italians in Istria accounted for nearly half of the local inhabitants and were mostly an indigenous population, but after the treaty they were bolstered by some new arrivals of the so-called ''regnicoli'' (from the Kingdom of Italy), which were never well liked<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.italia-liberazione.it/ita/doc/Violenze900Trieste.pdf |title=Un percorso tra le Violenze del Novecento nella Provincia di Trieste / Po Poteh Nailja v 20. Stoletju v Tržaški Pokrajini |trans-title=A journey through the violence of the twentieth century in the Province of Trieste |language=Italian, Slovenian |author=Angelo Visintin |editor=Sergio Zucca |chapter=L’assalto a "Il Piccolo" / Napad na "Il Piccolo" |year=2006 |page=24 |isbn=88-95170-02-4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229112331/http://www.italia-liberazione.it/ita/doc/Violenze900Trieste.pdf |archivedate=2008-02-29 }}</ref> by the indigenous Istrians Italians.

The Austrian 1910 census indicated approximately 182,500 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia: 137,131 in Istria and 28,911 in Fiume/[[Rijeka]] (1918).<ref>O.Mileta Mattiuz, ''Popolazioni dell'Istria, Fiume, Zara e Dalmazia (1850-2002). Ipotesi di quantificazione demografica'', ADES 2005, pp. 57, 128, 159, 169</ref> Meanwhile, the Italian 1936 census<ref>VIII. Censimento della popolazione 21. aprile 1936. Vol II, Fasc. 24: Provincia del Friuli; Fasc. 31: Provincia del Carnero; Fasc. 32: Provincia di Gorizia, Fasc. 22: Provincia dell’Istria, Fasc. 34: Provincia di Trieste; Fasc. 35: Provincia di Zara, Rome 1936. Cited at [http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf ''Citizenship in historical perspective'', edited by Steven G. Ellis, Guðmundur Hálfdanarson and Ann Katherine Isaacs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724111950/http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> indicated approximately 230,000 people who listed Italian as their language of communication (in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia, then part of the Italian state): nearly 194,000 in today's Croatia and 36,000 in today's Slovenia.

=== World War Two and its consequences ===
{{See also|Foibe massacres|Istrian–Dalmatian exodus|Free Territory of Trieste}}
After the [[Italian armistice]] of 1943, Istria became a battlefield between the Nazi German army and the partisan (mostly Yugoslav) insurgency. Already in September 1943, several hundreds Istrian Italians were killed by the [[Yugoslav partisans]] because of their allegiance to the Italian State. This was the first wave of the [[Foibe killings|Foibe massacres]], which continued after the Yugoslav takeover of the region in May 1945.

From 1943 until 1953, according to various data, between 200,000 and 330,000 Italians emigrated from these regions. This emigration of Italians (called [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]]) reduced the total population of the region and altered its ethnic structure.
[[File:Litorale 1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
{{legend|#ffff00|The [[Austrian Littoral]], later renamed [[Julian March]], which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the [[Treaty of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]]}}
{{legend|#10FF20|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947}}
{{legend|#00fa9a|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the [[Treaty of Osimo]]}}
{{legend|#eee8aa|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty}}]]

After the Yugoslav Communist troops occupied Istria in May 1945, many Italians started leaving Istria under the pressure of the new authorities who demanded the annexation of Istria to Yugoslavia. With an agreement between the Allied forces and [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]'s Yugoslav government, a line of demarcation known as the [[Morgan Line]] was set in June 1945: most of Istria remained under Yugoslav occupation, while the towns of [[Pula]] and [[Muggia]] were transferred to Allied administration.

With the peace treaty of 1947, most of Istria (including Pula) was assigned to Yugoslavia. This triggered the [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]], the departure of the large majority of Istrian Italians. Only the north-western portion was assigned to zone B of the short-lived [[Free Territory of Trieste]], but de facto remained under Yugoslav administration.

=== Part of Yugoslavia ===

In 1953 according to the official census only 36,000 Italians lived in [[Yugoslavia]], 16% of the Italian population before World War II,<ref>Matjaž Klemenčič, ''[http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf The Effects of the Dissolution of Yugoslavia on Minority Rights: the Italian Minority in Post-Yugoslav Slovenia and Croatia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724111950/http://www.cliohres.net/books/7/26.pdf |date=2011-07-24 }}''</ref> and another 35,000 lived in the zone B of the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] (FTT). After the dissolution of the FTT in 1954, and the definitive handover of zone B to Yugoslavia, almost the totality of Istria became officially part of Yugoslavia. This triggered the last wave of the [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]], with most of the Istrian Italians<ref>Arrigo Petacco, ''The exodus. The story of the Italian population of Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia'', Mondadori, Milan, 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&q=Petacco English translation.]</ref><ref>[http://www.milhist.net/docs/intellrev.html#3 US Intelligence Review on Istria / Venezia Giulia after WWII]</ref> leaving the zone B for elsewhere (mainly to Italy) because intimidated or preferring not to live in communist Yugoslavia. Yugoslav Istria was divided between [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]], so that the Istrian Italians became subject to two different administrations.

In 1961 25,651 Italians remained in Yugoslavia (this number included some small minorities in Dalmatia), around 10-12% of the Italian population before World War II. Italians continued to emigrate in later decades (most of them to Australia, Canada, South America or the USA). Therefore, their population declined in each subsequent census to 15,132 inhabitants in 1981.

It has to be emphasized that the data of the Yugoslav censuses are unreliable in relation to the real number of Italians, since many members of the Italian minority, for various reasons, chose to be nationally undeclared or preferred to use their regional identity and declared themselves as Istrians. Not surprisingly in 2001 (i.e. after the dissolution of Yugoslavia), the Croatian and Slovenian censuses reported a total Italian population of 21,894 (with the figure in Croatia nearly doubling).

In its 1996 report on 'Local self-government, territorial integrity and protection of minorities' the [[Council of Europe]]'s European Commission for Democracy through Law (the [[Venice Commission]]) put it that "a great majority of the local Italians, some thousands of Slovenes and of nationally undefined bilingual 'Istrians', used their legal right from the peace treaty to 'opt out' of the Yugoslav controlled part of Istria". In several waves, they moved to Italy and elsewhere (also overseas, mainly in the [[Americas]]) and claimed Italian or other citizenship.

== Current situation ==
[[File:Muggia z001.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Muggia]], one of the two Italian towns of contemporary Istria]]
Today Istrian Italians are mostly a national minority in Croatia. Croatian municipalities with a significant Italian population include Grisignana / [[Grožnjan]] (36%), Verteneglio / [[Brtonigla]] (32%), and Buie / [[Buje]] (24%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Popis 2021. |trans-title=Census 2021 |url=https://popis2021.hr/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Državni zavod za statistiku |language=hr |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062703/https://www.popis2021.hr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The last census (2001) showed that there are nearly 50,000 Istrian Italians in Istria as a whole (between Croatia, Slovenia and Italy), more than half of them living in Italy:<ref>Pradelli, A. ''Il silenzio di una minoranza: gli italiani in Istria dall'esodo al post-comunismo 1945–2004''. p. 38</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! width="120" | Municipality
! width="170" | Italian name
! width="100" | Country
! width="60" | Inhabitants
! width="60" | Mother tongue Italian
! width="60" | Mother tongue Croatian and Slovenian
|-
|[[Labin]], city
|Albona
|{{CRO}}
|10,424
|1.69%
|90.19%
|-
|[[Buje]], city
|Buie
|{{CRO}}
|4,441
|28.57%
|65.96%
|-
|[[Novigrad, Istria County|Novigrad]], city
|Cittanova
|{{CRO}}
|3,889
|9.95%
|83.52%
|----
|[[Vodnjan]], city
|Dignano
|{{CRO}}
|5,838
|13.53%
|74.51%
|----
|[[Poreč]], city
|Parenzo
|{{CRO}}
|16,607
|2.40%
|89.71%
|----
|[[Buzet]], city
|Pinguente
|{{CRO}}
|5,999
|0.60%
|93.35%
|----
|[[Pazin]], city
| Pisino
|{{CRO}}
|8,279
|0.75%
|96.67%
|----
|[[Pula]], city
|Pola
|{{CRO}}
|52,220
|3.26%
|87.75%
|----
|[[Rovinj]], city
|Rovigno
|{{CRO}}
|12,968
|8.14%
|83.11%
|----
|[[Umag]], city
|Umago
|{{CRO}}
|12,699
|13.61%
|79.38%
|-
|[[Bale (town)|Bale]]
|Valle
|{{CRO}}
|1,170
|14.27%
|81.37%
|-
|[[Barban]]
|Barbana d'Istria
|{{CRO}}
|2,491
|0.60%
|97.07%
|-
|[[Brtonigla]]
|Verteneglio
|{{CRO}}
|1,523
|35.72%
|60.15%
|-
|[[Cerovlje]]
|Cerreto
|{{CRO}}
|1,453
|0.48%
|98.69%
|-
|[[Fažana]]
|Fasana
|{{CRO}}
|3,463
|2.77%
|92.72%
|-
|[[Gračišće]]
|Gallignana
|{{CRO}}
|1,312
|0.08%
|98.86%
|-
|[[Grožnjan]]
|Grisignana
|{{CRO}}
|656
|44.51%
|51.83%
|-
|[[Kanfanar]]
|Canfanaro
|{{CRO}}
|1,498
|1.00%
|95.06%
|-
|[[Karojba]]
|Caroiba del Subiente
|{{CRO}}
|1,404
|0.36%
|98.65%
|-
|[[Kaštelir-Labinci]]
|Castellier-Santa Domenica
|{{CRO}}
|1,439
|1.94%
|75.89%
|-
|[[Kršan]]
|Chersano
|{{CRO}}
|2,829
|0.35%
|94.84%
|-
|[[Lanišće]]
| Lanischie
|{{CRO}}
|268
| -
|98.50%
|-
|[[Ližnjan]]
|Lisignano
|{{CRO}}
|4,087
|4.04%
|90.05%
|-
|[[Lupoglav, Istria County|Lupoglav]]
|Lupogliano
|{{CRO}}
|836
|0.36%
|97.97%
|-
|[[Marčana]]
|Marzana
|{{CRO}}
|4,250
|0.75%
|95.81%
|-
|[[Medulin]]
|Medolino
|{{CRO}}
|6,552
|2.64%
|86.88%
|-
|[[Motovun]]
|Montona
|{{CRO}}
|912
|7.13%
|89.80%
|-
|[[Oprtalj]]
|Portole
|{{CRO}}
|748
|11.76%
|80.75%
|-
|[[Pićan]]
|Pedena
|{{CRO}}
|1,722
|0.17%
|98.90%
|-
|[[Raša, Istria County|Raša]]
|Arsia
|{{CRO}}
|2,809
|0.78%
|90.21%
|-
|[[Sveta Nedelja, Istria|Sveta Nedelja]]
|Santa Domenica d'Albona
|{{CRO}}
|2,898
|0.62%
|92.20%
|-
|[[Sveti Lovreč]]
|San Lorenzo del Pasenatico
|{{CRO}}
|960
|1.15%
|90.84%
|-
|[[Sveti Petar u Šumi]]
|San Pietro in Selve
|{{CRO}}
|1,051
|0.38%
|98.39%
|-
|[[Svetvinčenat]]
|Sanvincenti
|{{CRO}}
|2,179
|1.33%
|95.82%
|-
|[[Tar-Vabriga]]
|Torre-Abrega
|{{CRO}}
|2,148
|10.01%
|84.27%
|-
|[[Tinjan]]
|Antignana
|{{CRO}}
|1,729
|0.81%
|96.93%
|-
|[[Višnjan]]
|Visignano
|{{CRO}}
|2,096
|3.53%
|92.89%
|-
|[[Vižinada]]
|Visinada
|{{CRO}}
|1,142
|5.17%
|92.91%
|-
|[[Vrsar]]
|Orsera
|{{CRO}}
|1,923
|2.03%
|91.89%
|-
|[[Žminj]]
|Gimino
|{{CRO}}
|3,360
|0.77%
|97.95%
|-
|Milje
|[[Muggia]]
|{{ITA}}
|13,208
|94.80%
|04.80%
|-
|Dolina
|[[San Dorligo della Valle]]
|{{ITA}}
|6,025
|29.20%
|70.50%
|-
|[[Koper]], city
|Capodistria
|{{SLO}}
|49,206
|2.22%
|74.14%
|-
|[[Izola]]
|Isola
|{{SLO}}
|14,549
|4.26%
|69.13%
|-
|[[Piran]]
|Pirano
|{{SLO}}
|16,758
|7.00%
|66.69%
|-
|[[Lovran]]
|Laurana
|{{CRO}}
|3,527
|1.16%
|94.10%
|-
|[[Opatija]], city
|Abbazia
|{{CRO}}
|12,719
|1.37%
|93.95%
|-
|[[Mošćenička Draga]]
|Draga di Moschiena
|{{CRO}}
|1,288
|0.62%
|96.59%
|-
|}

Source: Croatian Census - 2021.<ref name=":0" /> Slovenian Census - 2002.<ref>[http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=OBC&st=7 Slovenian Census - 2002]</ref> Italian Census - 1970/2001<ref>ISTAT, ''14° censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni 2001. Popolazione residente e abitazioni nelle province italiane - fascicolo provinciale Trieste'', Roma, 2005 - (this is the official book from the Italian ''Istituto Centrale di Statistica'' (Central/National Institute of Statistics) about the census)</ref><ref>[http://www.liceopetrarcats.it/sperimentazione/sitocarso/comune.htm Statistical and ethnographic study about the Slovene in the ''Provincia di Trieste''. Scroll down for the data table] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120222807/http://www.liceopetrarcats.it/sperimentazione/sitocarso/comune.htm |date=2012-11-20 }}</ref>

==Bilingual municipalities in Istria==
{{col-start}}
{{col-5}}
*[[Buje]]/Buie
*[[Novigrad, Istria County|Novigrad]]/Cittanova d'Istria
*[[Vodnjan]]/Dignano d'Istria
*[[Poreč]]/Parenzo
*[[Pula]]/Pola
{{col-5}}
*[[Rovinj]]/Rovigno d'Istria
*[[Umag]]/Umago
*[[Kaštelir-Labinci]]/Castellier-Santa Domenica
*[[Fažana]]/Fasana
*[[Funtana]]/Fontane
{{col-5}}
*[[Grožnjan]]/Grisignana
*[[Ližnjan]]/Lisignano
*[[Motovun]]/Montona
*[[Oprtalj]]/Portole
*[[Vrsar]]/Orsera
{{col-5}}
*[[Tar-Vabriga]]/Torre-Abrega
*[[Bale, Croatia|Bale]]/Valle d'Istria
*[[Brtonigla]]/Verteneglio
*[[Višnjan]]/Visignano
*[[Vižinada]]/Visinada
{{col-5}}
*[[Koper]]/Capodistria
*[[Piran]]/Pirano
*[[Izola]]/Isola
{{col-end}}

== Education and Italian language ==
=== Croatia ===
Besides Croat language schools, in the [[Croatia]]n [[County of Istria]] there are also kindergartens in [[Buje]]/Buie, [[Brtonigla]]/Verteneglio, [[Novigrad, Istria County|Novigrad]]/Cittanova, [[Umag]]/Umago, [[Poreč]]/Parenzo, [[Vrsar]]/Orsera, [[Rovinj]]/Rovigno, [[Bale, Croatia|Bale]]/Valle, [[Vodnjan]]/Dignano, [[Pula]]/Pola and [[Labin]]/Albona, as well as primary schools in Buje/Buie, Brtonigla/Verteneglio, Novigrad/Cittanova, Umag/Umago, Poreč/Parenzo, Vodnjan/Dignano, Rovinj/Rovigno, Bale/Valle and Pula/Pola, as well as [[scuola media|lower secondary schools]] and [[scuola superiore|upper secondary schools]] in Buje/Buie, Rovinj/Rovigno and Pula/Pola, all with Italian as the language of instruction.

===Slovenia===
Besides Slovene language schools, in [[Slovenian Istria]] there are also kindergartens, primary schools, [[scuola media|lower secondary schools]] and [[scuola superiore|upper secondary schools]] with Italian as the language of instruction in [[Koper]]/Capodistria, [[Izola]]/Isola and [[Piran]]/Pirano. At the state-owned [[University of Primorska]], however, which is also established in the bilingual area, Slovene is the only language of instruction (although the official name of the university includes the Italian version, too).

==Citizenship==

As per the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947]], those people who lived in the territories of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] ceded to [[Yugoslavia]] between 1940 and 1947 would lose their [[Italian citizenship]], but could keep it should they decide to move to Italy in a ten-year-period following the treaty.

As such, the local Italian residents who opted to remain in [[Istria]], [[Rijeka]], [[Lastovo]] and other territories lost their Italian citizenship.

On 8 March 2006, the Italian government approved law n. 124, which would provide a possibility to regain Italian citizenship to "those Italians and their descendants residing in [[Istria]], [[Rijeka|Fiume]], and [[Dalmatia]] between 1940 and 1947, when they relinquished it upon these territories being ceded to [[Yugoslavia]]. To access this initiative, the following documents are required:

*Birth certificate, preferably with an international format;
*Certificate proving the possession of a relevant foreign citizenship ([[Croatian citizenship|Croatian]] or [[Slovene citizenship|Slovene]])
*Certificate of residency in these territories.
*Proof of residence in these territories between 1940 and 1947.
*Certificate released by local Italian entities of the Unione Italiana, including but not limited to the subscription to such entity and proven knowledge of the Italian language.
*Other documents proving the language of the applicant (such as diplomas released from schools where Italian is the language of instruction, grade reports...)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consnewyork.esteri.it/consolato_newyork/it/i_servizi/per-i-cittadini/cittadinanza/legge-8-marzo-2006-n-124.html|title = Legge 8 marzo 2006, n. 124}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{see also|Italian folk dance|Italian cuisine}}
[[File:Jota 02.JPG|thumb|[[Istrian stew]]]]

Istrian culture has been deeply influenced by Venetian culture, especially from an architectural point of view.<ref name="istra.hr">{{cite web|url=https://www.istra.hr/it/esperienze/cultura/936|title=Il patrimonio edile istriano dell'epoca veneziana|access-date=14 March 2023|language=it}}</ref> Istrian cities are characterized by architectural forms with a Venetian imprint, an influence that extends to urban planning, particularly in the grid formed by streets and squares.<ref name="istra.hr"/> This influence is still visible today, both in cities and in smaller population centres.<ref name="istra.hr"/> Noteworthy is the Venetian architecture of [[Poreč]].<ref name="istra.hr"/>

Italian cultural influence has resulted in the resemblance of many Istrian dances to those of Northern Italy. This applies to dances done by the modern-day Croatian population and by the Italian national minority found today in the larger towns and some villages in the western part of Istria. Dances done by both the Croatian and the Italian communities include ''Molferina'' or ''Mafrina'' and ''Kvadrilja''. Dances specific to the Istrian Italians include ''La Veneziana'', ''Bersagliera'', ''Denci'', ''Sette Passi'' and the very similar dances ''Vilota'' and ''Furlana''.<ref name="ivancan">{{cite book|title=Istarski Narodni Plesovi|last=Ivančan|first=Ivan|location=Zagreb|publisher=Institut za Narodnu Umjetnost|year=1963|pages=283–304, 319–320}}</ref>

The [[Croatian cuisine]] of [[Istria]] was influenced by [[Italian cuisine]], given the historical presence of Istrian Italians, influence that has eased after the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guide-europe.info/cucina-croata/|title=Cucina Croata. I piatti della cucina della Croazia|access-date=26 November 2021|language=it}}</ref><ref name="istriana">{{cite web|url=https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/news/in-primo-piano/cucina-triestina-istriana-e-dalmata/|title=I sopravvissuti: i 10 gioielli della cucina istriana|access-date=26 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> For example, the influence of Italian cuisine on Croatian dishes is seen in the {{lang|hr|pršut}} (similar to Italian ''[[prosciutto]]'') and in the preparation of homemade pasta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanetitalia.it/articoli/cucina-del-mondo/assaporate-il-cibo-dell-istria-il-paradiso-gastronomico-della-croazia|title=Assaporate il cibo dell'Istria: il paradiso gastronomico della Croazia|access-date=2 December 2021|language=it}}</ref> Italian cuisine has particularly influenced the cuisine of [[Slovenian Istria]], given the historical presence of Istrian Italians, influence that has eased after the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus.<ref name="istriana"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoteli-bernardin.si/it/blog/gastronomia/1961-Selezione-culinaria-dell-Istria-Slovena|title=Selezione culinaria dell' Istria Slovena|access-date=26 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> Slovenian dishes of Italian origin are {{lang|sl|njoki}} (similar to Italian ''[[gnocchi]]''), {{lang|sl|rizota}} (the Slovenian version of ''[[risotto]]'') and {{lang|sl|zilkrofi}} (similar to Italian ''[[ravioli]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moldrek.com/ricette_slovenia.htm|title=La cucina slovena|access-date=26 November 2021|language=it}}</ref>

[[Istrian stew]] or Jota ({{lang-hr|Istarska jota}}; {{lang-sl|Jota}}, {{lang-it|Jota}}) is a soup made of [[bean]]s, [[sauerkraut]] or sour [[turnip]], [[potato]]es, [[bacon]], [[spare ribs]], known in the northern [[Adriatic]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Maneštre (Eintopf) {{!}} Molo Grande Travel |url=http://www.molo-grande-travel.com/de/info/item/21-mane%C5%A1tre |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209015400/http://www.molo-grande-travel.com/de/info/item/21-mane%C5%A1tre |archive-date=2014-12-09 }}</ref> It is especially popular in [[Friuli Venezia Giulia]], [[Istria]] and some other parts of northwestern [[Croatia]]. Under the name ''jota'', it is also typical of the whole [[Slovenian Littoral]] and territories in northeastern Italy, especially in the provinces of [[Trieste]] (where it is considered to be the prime example of Triestine food) and [[Gorizia]], and in some peripheral areas of northeastern [[Friuli]] (the Torre river valley, and the mountain borderlands of [[Carnia]] and [[Slavia Veneta]]). The stew originated in Friuli before spreading east and south. According to the most accredited thesis, "Jota" derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''jutta'' (meaning [[broth]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agrodolce.it/2019/02/14/jota-storia-del-piatto-tipico-friulano-e-dove-mangiarlo |title=Jota: storia del piatto tipico friulano e dove potete mangiarlo |last=Tiso |first=Eleonora |date=May 3, 2019 |website=agrodolce.it |access-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref> and has parallels in the ancient [[Friulian language|friulan language]] and in modern [[Emilian-Romagnol language|emilian-romagnol]].

==Notable Istrian Italians==
[[File:Mario Andretti may 26 2017 Indianapolis 500 usa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mario Andretti]]]]
[[File:Grossich.jpg|thumb|right|[[Antonio Grossich]]]]
[[File:Nino Benvenuti.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nino Benvenuti]]]]
[[File:Alida-Valli-1947.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alida Valli]]]]
[[File:Sergio Endrigo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sergio Endrigo]]]]
[[File:Laura Antonelli.jpg|thumb|right|[[Laura Antonelli]]]]
[[File:Fulvio Tomizza.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fulvio Tomizza]]]]
[[File:Dino Ciani.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dino Ciani]]]]
[[File:Luciano 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Luciano Fonda]]]]
List of notable Istrian Italians across the centuries.

===Science===
*[[Santorio Santorio]] ([[Koper]]), inventor of clinical thermometer and physician
*[[Antonio Grossich]] ([[Draguć]]), surgeon
*[[Attilio Colacevich]] ([[Rijeka]]), astronomer
*[[Umberto D'Ancona]], ([[Rijeka]]), biologist
*[[Domenico Lovisato]] ([[Izola]]), geologist
*[[Bartolomeo Biasoletto]] ([[Vodnjan]]), pharmacist
*[[Luciano Fonda]] ([[Pula]]), theoretical physicist
*[[Giuseppe Furlani]] ([[Pula]]), archaeologist

===Music and arts===
*[[Bernardo Parentino]] ([[Poreč]]), painter
*[[Francesco Trevisani]] ([[Koper]]), Rococo painter
*[[Andrea Antico]] ([[Motovun]]), music editor and composer of the Renaissance
*[[Antonio Smareglia]] ([[Pula]]), opera composer
*[[Giuseppe Tartini]] ([[Piran]]), music composer and violinist
*[[Giorgio Surian]] ([[Rijeka]]), opera singer
*[[Leonora Surian]] ([[Rijeka]]), actress
*[[Sergio Endrigo]] ([[Pula]]), singer-songwriter
*[[Giulio Clovio]] ([[Grižane]], painter
*[[Dino Ciani]] ([[Rijeka]]), pianist
*[[Enrico Fonda]] ([[Rijeka]]), painter
*[[Romolo Venucci]], ([[Rijeka]]), painter
*[[Domenico da Capodistria]] ([[Koper]]), architect
*[[Cesare Dell'Acqua]] ([[Piran]]), painter
*[[Giuseppe Pagano]] ([[Poreč]]), architect
*[[Luigi Dallapiccola]] ([[Pazin]]), composer
*[[Gino De Finetti]] ([[Pazin]]), painter
*[[Renato Dionisi (composer)|Renato Dionisi]] ([[Rovinj]]), composer
*[[Attilio Micheluzzi]] ([[Umag]]), comics artist
*[[Ottavio Scotti]] ([[Umag]]), art director
*[[Erma Bossi]] ([[Pula]]), painter
*[[Roberto Soffici]] ([[Pula]]), songwriter

===Literature and writing===
*[[Pier Paolo Vergerio]] ([[Koper]]), Reformer and Humanist
*[[Fulvio Tomizza]] ([[Umag]]), international writer
*[[Giovanni Arpino]] ([[Pula]]), writer and journalist
*[[Lidia Bastianich]] ([[Pula]]), chef, author and restaurateur
*[[Leo Valiani]] ([[Rijeka]]), historian
*[[Gian Rinaldo Carli]] ([[Koper]]), economist
*[[Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder]] ([[Koper]]), humanist
*[[Matteo Bartoli]] ([[Labin]]), linguist
*[[Lina Galli]] ([[Poreč]]), writer
*[[Pier Antonio Quarantotti Gambini]] ([[Pazin]]), writer
*[[Nelida Milani]] ([[Pula]]), writer
*[[Anna Maria Mori]] ([[Pula]]), journalist
*[[Sergio Noja Noseda]] ([[Pula]]), professor of Arabic language

===Religion===
*[[Nicolò Cortese]] ([[Cres (town)|Cres]]), priest
*[[Matteo Barbabianca]] ([[Koper]]), prelate
*[[Antonio Elio]] ([[Koper]]), prelate
*[[Francesco Bonifacio]] ([[Piran]]), martyr priest beatified
*[[Antonio Santin]] ([[Rovinj]]), bishop
*[[Egidio Bullesi]] ([[Pula]]), member from the Secular Franciscan Order
*[[Eugenio Ravignani]] ([[Pula]]), bishop

===Politics===
*[[Vittorio Vidali]] ([[Muggia]]), politician
*[[Aurelio Juri]] ([[Pula]]), politician, [[Member of European Parliament]]
*[[Pietro Polani]] ([[Pula]]), Doge of Venice
*[[Rossana Rossanda]] ([[Pula]]), politician
*[[Mario Blasich]] ([[Rijeka]]), politician
*[[Giovanni de Ciotta]] ([[Rijeka]]), politician
*[[Riccardo Zanella]] ([[Rijeka]]), politician
*[[Marino Baldini]] ([[Poreč]]), politician
*[[Luciano Delbianco]] ([[Rovinj]]), politician
*[[Furio Radin]] ([[Pula]]), politician
*[[Ivan Pauletta]] ([[Premantura]]), politician and writer
*[[Vera Squarcialupi]] ([[Pula]]), politician

===Cinema===
*[[Laura Antonelli]] ([[Pula]]), international film actress
*[[Alida Valli]] ([[Pula]]), international film actress
*[[Femi Benussi]] ([[Rovinj]]), national film actress
*[[Massimo Dobrovic]] ([[Pula]]), international film actor
*[[Oretta Fiume]] ([[Rijeka]]), film actress
*[[Aldo Lado]] ([[Rijeka]]), film director
*[[Romano Scavolini]] ([[Rijeka]]), film director
*[[Antonio Gandusio]] ([[Rovinj]]), film actor
*[[Lilia Dale]] ([[Pula]]), film actress

===Sport===
*[[Nino Benvenuti]] ([[Izola]]), professional boxing champion, Olympic gold medal in 1960
*[[Giovanni Cernogoraz]] ([[Koper]]), shooter, Olympic gold medal in 2012
*[[Mario Andretti]] ([[Motovun]]), international automobile racing driver
*[[Aldo Andretti]], ([[Motovun]]), racing driver
*[[Elvis Scoria]] ([[Pula]]), football manager
*[[Fausto Budicin]] ([[Pula]]), football player
*[[Mitja Gasparini]] ([[Izola]]), Slovenian volleyball player.
*[[Eva Mori]] ([[Kanal ob Soči]]), Slovenian volleyball player
*[[Samanta Fabris]] ([[Pula]]), Croatian volleyball player
*[[Paolo Marinelli]] ([[Rijeka]]) – Basketball player
*[[Rodolfo Tommasi]] ([[Opatija]]) – Footballer player
*[[Nicolò Rode]] ([[Mali Lošinj]]), sailor
*[[Agostino Straulino]] ([[Mali Lošinj]]), sailor
*[[Giovanni Cucelli]] ([[Rijeka]]), tennis player
*[[Ezio Loik]] ([[Rijeka]]), footballer player
*[[Paolo Marinelli]] ([[Rijeka]]), basketball player
*[[Ulderico Sergo]] ([[Rijeka]]), boxer
*[[Orlando Sirola]] ([[Rijeka]]), tennis player
*[[Rodolfo Volk]] ([[Rijeka]]), football player
*[[Riccardo Divora]] ([[Koper]]), rower
*[[Valentino Pellarini]] ([[Koper]]), basketball player
*[[Bruno Zago]] ([[Koper]]), football player
*[[Giliante D'Este]] ([[Izola]]), rower
*[[Giovanni Delise]] ([[Izola]]), rower
*[[Aredio Gimona]] ([[Izola]]), football player
*[[Giuseppe Perentin]] ([[Izola]]), swimmer
*[[Valerio Perentin]] ([[Izola]]), rower
*[[Nicolò Vittori]] ([[Izola]]), rower
*[[Renato Petronio]] ([[Piran]]), rower
*[[Ernesto Vidal]] ([[Buje]]), football player
*[[Francesco Carpenetti]] ([[Vrsar]]), football player
*[[Antonio Quarantotto]] ([[Vrsar]]), swimmer
*[[Albano Albanese]] ([[Poreč]]), hurdler
*[[Silvano Abbà]] ([[Rovinj]]), pentathlete
*[[Luigi De Manincor]] ([[Rovinj]]), sailor
*[[Luigi Busidoni]] ([[Pula]]), football player
*[[Mario Novelli (basketball)|Mario Novelli]] ([[Pula]]), basketball player
*[[Rodolfo Ostromann]] ([[Pula]]), football player
*[[Orlando Sain]] ([[Pula]]), football player
*[[Vittorio Zucca]] ([[Pula]]), sprinter

===War===
*[[Nazario Sauro]] ([[Koper]]), Italian patriot and irredentist
*[[Fabio Filzi]] ([[Pazin]]), Italian patriot and irredentist
*[[Spartaco Schergat]] ([[Koper]]), Frogman and hero of WWII
*[[Antonio Marceglia]] ([[Piran]]), Frogman and hero of WWII
*[[Lucrezio Gravisi]] ([[Koper]]), freelance soldier
*[[Mario Visintini]] ([[Poreč]]), aircraft pilot
*[[Licio Visintini]] ([[Pula]]), naval officer

===Others===
*[[Joe Bastianich]] ([[Pula]]), chef
*[[Romano Alquati]] ([[Klana]]), sociologist
*[[Giuseppina Martinuzzi]] ([[Labin]]), pedagogue

==See also==
*[[Istria]]
*[[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]
*[[Free Territory of Trieste]]
*[[Dalmatian Italians]]
*[[Istriot language]]
*[[Istro-Romanians]]
*[[Italianization]]

== Notes and references ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}
=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* Antolini, Nicola. ''Slavi e Latini in Istria tra cinquecento e novecento: origini storiche e problemi del contesto multietnico istriano''. Magazine "Storicamente". n. 2, 2006{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Bartoli, Matteo. ''Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia''. Tipografia italo-orientale. Grottaferrata 1919.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Benussi, Bernardo. ''L' Istria nei suoi due millenni di storia''. Treves-Zanichelli. Trieste 1924.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Monzali|first=Luciano|title=A Difficult and Silent Return: Italian Exiles from Dalmatia and Yugoslav Zadar/Zara after the Second World War|journal=Balcanica|year=2016|issue=47|pages=317–328|doi=10.2298/BALC1647317M|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531647317M|doi-access=free|hdl=11586/186368|hdl-access=free}}
* Mommsen Theodore. ''The Provinces of the Roman Empire''. Barnes & Noble Books. New York, 1996 {{ISBN|0-7607-0145-8}}
* Perselli, Guerrino. ''I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste, e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936''. Centro di ricerche storiche - Rovigno, Trieste - Rovigno 1993.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Pirjevec, Jože; Kacin-Wohinz, Milica. ''Storia degli sloveni in Italia, 1866-1998''. Marsilio, Venezia 1998.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Petacco, Arrigo. ''L'esodo, la tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia''. Mondadori, Milano, 1999.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Pradelli, A. ''Il silenzio di una minoranza: gli italiani in Istria dall'esodo al post-comunismo 1945–2004''. Lo Scarabeo Editoriale. Bologna, 2004.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Seton-Watson, ''Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925''. John Murray Publishers, Londra 1967.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Vignoli, Giulio. ''I territori italofoni non appartenenti alla Repubblica Italiana''. Giuffrè, Milano, 1995.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Tomaz, Luigi. ''Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia. Duemila anni di storia''. Think ADV, Conselve 2007.{{ISBN missing|date=May 2022}}
* Ezio e Luciano Giuricin (2015) [https://crsrv.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/N.3-Mezzo-secolo-di-collaborazione.pdf Mezzo secolo di collaborazione (1964-2014) Lineamenti per la storia delle relazioni tra la Comunità italiana in Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia e la Nazione madre]

==External links==
*[http://www.storicamente.org/02antolini.htm Slavs and Latins in Istria] {{in lang|it}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&q=Petacco Arrigo Petacco: "The exodus. The story of the Italian population of Istria (1943-1956)" (English translation).]
*[http://www.groznjan-grisignana.hr/ Official website of bilingual Groznan/Grisignana] {{in lang|hr|it}}
*[http://www.piemonte-istria.com Official website of Italians (Istrian–Dalmatian exodus) from Piemonte d'Istria-Grisignana] {{in lang|it}}
*[http://www.unione-italiana.hr Official Website of the Italian community in Croatia and Slovenia] {{in lang|it}}
*[http://www.crsrv.org/it/istria_tempo/homepage.html Centro Ricerche Storiche di Rovigno: "Istria nel Tempo on line" (in Italian)]

{{Italian language in the world}}
{{Italian diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Slovenia}}
{{Ethnic groups in Croatia}}

[[Category:Istrian Italian people| ]]
[[Category:Istria]]
[[Category:Croatian people of Italian descent|*]]
[[Category:Slovenian people of Italian descent|*]]
[[Category:Italians of Croatia]]
[[Category:Italy–Slovenia relations]]
[[Category:Croatia–Italy relations]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrian Hound

2024-03-27T06:56:04Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} '''Istrian Hound''' can refer to: * Istrian Coarse-haired Hound * Istrian Shorthaired Hound {{disambig}} {{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}} Категория:Английская Википедия Категория:Википедия Категория:Статья из Википедии Кат...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
'''Istrian Hound''' can refer to:

* [[Istrian Coarse-haired Hound]]
* [[Istrian Shorthaired Hound]]

{{disambig}}
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Encyclopedia

2024-03-27T06:56:03Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Croatian specialty encyclopedia covering the Istrian region}} {{Infobox book | name = Istrian Encyclopedia | image = Istrian Encyclopedia.jpg | image_size = | border = | caption = Internet logo | alt = | author = | title_orig = | orig_lang_code = | title_working = | tr...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Croatian specialty encyclopedia covering the Istrian region}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Istrian Encyclopedia
| image = Istrian Encyclopedia.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| caption = Internet logo
| alt =
| author =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Croatia]]
| language = [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Encyclopedia]]
| publisher = [[Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography|Lexicographic Institute]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2005
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn = 9536036835
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource = 
| wikisource = 
}}
The '''Istrian Encyclopedia''' ({{lang-hr|Istarska enciklopedija}}) is a [[Croatian language|Croatian]] encyclopedia giving a complete overview of the Istrian peninsula and its history. Istria was the first region in Croatia to get its own encyclopedia. Published by the [[Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography|Lexicographic Institute]], it was released in 2005. The editors-in-chief are [[Miroslav Bertoša]] and [[Robert Matijašić]].<ref name="istarksa enc">{{cite book|author=Robert Matijašić|title=Istarska enciklopedija Niz Hrvatske regije i gradovi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52jiAAAAMAAJ|date=2005|publisher=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža via [[University of Michigan]]|location=Pula|pages=1–944|isbn=9536036835}}</ref><ref name="IE">[http://istra.lzmk.hr/ Projekt], Istarska enciklopedija, pristupljeno 26. lipnja 2020.</ref>

Over 1500 entries from the Istrian Encyclopedia were transferred to the online encyclopedia [[Istrapedia]].<ref name="glas">{{cite web|url=https://www.glasistre.hr/istra/istrapedia-novi-dizajn-i-sadrzaji-stranica-istarske-internetske-enciklopedije-625962|title= ISTRAPEDIA New design and contents of the pages of the Istrian online encyclopedia |author= Bojana ĆUSTIĆ JURAGA|publisher=[[Glas Istre]]|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210205135914/https://www.glasistre.hr/istra/istrapedia-novi-dizajn-i-sadrzaji-stranica-istarske-internetske-enciklopedije-625962 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="istrapedia">{{cite web|url=https://www.istrapedia.hr/hr/natuknice/554/perusko-tone|title= Peruško, Tone |author= [[Miroslav Bertoša]]|publisher= [[Istrapedia]]|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210205113534/https://www.istrapedia.hr/hr/natuknice/554/perusko-tone |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Contents==
The Istrian encyclopedia contains 3094 articles and 1410 photographs, maps, charts and tables.

The Istrian Encyclopedia contains articles on general and geographical characteristics and concepts relating to Istria; on institutions and people who have left their mark on Istrian culture.<ref name="IE" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://istra.lzmk.hr/ ''Istrian Encyclopedia'' - Online Edition] {{in lang|hr}}

{{Croatian language}}

[[Category:Croatian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Croatian online encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]]
[[Category:21st-century encyclopedias]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Democratic Assembly

2024-03-27T06:56:00Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Political party in Croatia}} {{Infobox political party | country = Croatia | name = Istrian Democratic Assembly | native_name = Istarski demokratski sabor Dieta democratica istriana | logo = Istrian Democratic Assembly.png | leader = Dalibor Paus | colorcode = {{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Political party in Croatia}}
{{Infobox political party
| country = Croatia
| name = Istrian Democratic Assembly
| native_name = Istarski demokratski sabor Dieta democratica istriana
| logo = Istrian Democratic Assembly.png
| leader = [[Dalibor Paus]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}
| abbreviation = IDS
| foundation = {{Start date|1990|2|14|df=y}}<ref name="hidra-profil">{{cite web|url=http://hidran.hidra.hr/hidrarad/stranke/programi/028357.pdf|title=Istarski Demokratski Sabor|publisher=HIDRA|language=hr|access-date=23 October 2011}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Istrianism|Istrian regionalism]]|[[Liberalism]]|[[Social liberalism]]<ref name="PEE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/croatia.html|title=Croatia|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2020|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref>|[[Pro-Europeanism]]}}
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]] to [[centre-left]]
| headquarters = [[Pula]]
| membership_year = 2018
| membership = 2,300<ref name="clanstvo">{{cite web | url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/hns-vesne-pusic-ima-vise-clanova-od-milanoviceva-sdp-a-625615 | title=HNS Vesne Pusić ima više članova od Milanovićeva SDP-a }}</ref>
| regional = [[Liberal South East European Network]]
| national = [[Restart Coalition]] {{small|(2011–2015, 2020–)}}, [[Amsterdam Coalition]] {{small|(2018–2020)}}
| colours = {{colorbox|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}} [[Light green]]
| website = {{URL|ids-ddi.com}}
| european = [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe]]
| europarl = [[Renew Europe]]
| international = [[Liberal International]]
| seats1_title = [[Croatian Parliament|Sabor]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|3|151|hex={{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| seats2_title = [[European Parliament]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| seats3_title = [[Counties of Croatia|County Prefects]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|0|21|hex={{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| seats4_title = [[Cities of Croatia|Mayors]]
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|5|128|hex={{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| seats5_title = [[Istria County#County government|Assembly of Istria County]]
| seats5 = {{Composition bar|23|41|hex={{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
}}

The '''Istrian Democratic Assembly''' ({{lang-hr|Istarski demokratski sabor}}, {{lang-it|Dieta democratica istriana}} or '''IDS-DDI''') is a [[centrism|centre]]<ref name="Ellington"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Croatia – Parties|url=https://europeelects.eu/european-union/croatia/|website=[[Europe Elects]]|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> to [[centre-left politics|centre-left]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ban |first1=Barbara |title=IDS PROSLAVIO 30. GODIŠNJICU |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ids-proslavio-30-godisnjicu-s-koalicijskim-partnerima-dogovaraju-plan-za-parlamentarne-izbore-trebamo-staviti-glave-skupa-9978937 |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=Jutarnji list |date=15 February 2020}}</ref> [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalist]],<ref name="PEE"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Janusz Bugajski|title=Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AcqFSfvzAC&pg=PA461|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1911-2|page=461}}</ref> [[liberalism in Croatia|liberal]]<ref name=Ellington>{{cite book|author=Lucien Ellington|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Land, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA443|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=443}}</ref> [[List of political parties in Croatia|political party in Croatia]] primarily operating in [[Istria County]].

IDS was founded on the 14 February 1990 by the writer [[Ivan Pauletta]]. IDS embraces principles of respect for human rights and freedoms, regionalism and historical characteristics of [[Istria]], protection of private property and anti-fascism. Party advocates decentralization of Croatia,<ref name="program">{{cite web |url=https://www.ids-ddi.com/site_media/media/filer_public/91/a1/91a19e79-37cf-4a27-85e7-a188463c5571/programska_deklaracija.pdf |title=Programska deklaracija Istarskog demokratskog sabora |trans-title=Program declaration of the Istrian Democratic Assembly |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=ids-ddi.com}}</ref> further development of the [[Adriatic Euroregion]]<ref name="program"/> and the establishment of a transnational and cross-border euro-region encompassing the whole of Istria. The party president is currently [[Dalibor Paus]], municipal mayor of [[Barban]]. IDS held the [[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)|Ministry of European Integration]] between 2000 and 2001 in the [[Cabinet of Ivica Račan I|Cabinet of Ivica Račan]] and [[Ministry of Tourism (Croatia)|Ministry of Tourism]] between 2011 and 2015 in the [[Cabinet of Zoran Milanović]]. IDS member [[Boris Miletić]] serves as current [[List of prefects of Istria County|County Prefect of the Istrian County]], while former prefect [[Valter Flego]] serves as a member of the [[European Parliament]]. All [[List of prefects of Istria County|prefects of Istria County]] were members of IDS. In addition, out of 10 towns in Istria county, IDS rules over 5.

IDS is member of the [[Liberal International]] and [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe]].

==Symbols==

The three rams on the party coat of arms represent a historical symbol of the region, which is also represented by the ram in the fourth of the five parts of the crown resting atop the [[Croatian coat of arms]], 25-field white and red chequerboard, on the Croatian flag.

==History==
The party was founded in 1990 by Ivan Pauletta, Elio Martinčić and Mario Sandrić, on the eve of the [[1990 Croatian parliamentary election|first multi-party elections]] in Croatia after [[communism]]. The party decided not to participate, thus allowing the post-communist [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]] (SDP) to sweep the region's votes.

The party was led by [[Ivan Jakovčić]] between 1991 and 2014. IDS instead made its electoral debut in the [[1992 Croatian parliamentary election|1992 elections]] and used the collapse of the SDP to take all three Istrian constituencies.

This result turned Istria into an area of significant concern for Croatian President [[Franjo Tuđman]] and his [[Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ), which had dominated every other region in Croatia. For the [[1993 Croatian Chamber of Counties election|first elections for Croatian Chamber of Counties]], which also coincided with the first election for newly formed [[Istria County]], state-controlled media launched an unprecedented media blitz directed almost exclusively at Istria. This effort spectacularly backfired as Istrian voters gave almost three quarters of their votes to IDS. After that no party challenged IDS supremacy in Istria, at least not directly.

The main policy of the IDS is intercession of cultural and economical identity of Istria and equal status for [[Italian Language|Italian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] in Istria. This was in opposition to Tuđman and his hard-line nationalism. Other Croatian political parties were more pragmatic, and IDS cooperated with them in the Croatian Parliament and during elections. In Istria, however, IDS is bitterly opposed by local branches of SDP, as well as their former member and first Istrian prefect [[Luciano Delbianco]] who had defected and formed a new party called [[Istrian Democratic Forum]].

IDS was briefly part of the national government following 2000 [[2000 Croatian parliamentary election|parliamentary]] and [[2000 Croatian presidential election|presidential]] elections. One year later, IDS, dissatisfied with the way [[Ivica Račan]] and his coalition partners treated Istria, left the government, although they continued to support it in Parliament.

In 2006, IDS joined the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe]] (ALDE) Party.

From 2010–2015 IDS was a member of the [[Kukuriku coalition]]. Its member [[Darko Lorencin]] served as the minister of tourism in the Croatian government; he is a cousin of [[Beatrice Lorenzin]]: they are of a same Italian-Croat family.

In the [[Croatian Parliament]], [[Damir Kajin]] most frequently acted as the party's spokesperson, and he headed the party list in the 2007 elections where the party gained 3 representatives. Kajin was however removed from the party's membership on 3 January 2013 after forming his own coalition for the 2013 local elections in Istria.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Istra/Statut-ga-nije-volio-Damir-Kajin-veceras-izbrisan-iz-clanstva-IDS-a PREKRŠIO STRANAČKA PRAVILA Statut ga nije volio: Damir Kajin večeras izbrisan iz članstva IDS-a] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106020528/http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Istra/Statut-ga-nije-volio-Damir-Kajin-veceras-izbrisan-iz-clanstva-IDS-a |date=2013-01-06 }}</ref> This reduced the IDS from three to two representatives in the [[Croatian Sabor]], and forced the party's parliamentary club to dissolve due to insufficient membership.

On February 4, 2022, the party's presidency launched disciplinary proceedings against former President [[Boris Miletić]], leading Miletić to leave party a day later and leaving the IDS without an [[Istria County|Istrian county]] prefect for the first time since the [[Counties of Croatia|counties]] was introduced in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2022|title=Potres u najvećoj regionalnoj stranci, Miletić istupio iz IDS-a: ''Nakon 29 godina i prvi put otkako postoje županije, IDS je izgubio istarskog župana''|trans-title=Earthquake in the largest regional party, Miletić withdrew from IDS: "After 29 years and for the first time since the existence of counties, IDS has lost its Istrian prefect"|url=https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/potres-u-najvecoj-regionalnoj-stranci-boris-miletic-istupio-iz-ids-a---694929.html|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Dnevnik.hr|language=hr}}</ref>

==Electoral history==

===Parliament (''[[Sabor]]'')===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Election
! rowspan=2 | In coalition with
! Votes won
! Percentage !! Seats won
! Change
! rowspan=2|Government
|-
! colspan="2" | {{small|(Coalition totals)}} !! colspan=2 | {{small|(IDS only)}}
|-
! [[1992 Croatian parliamentary election|1992 {{small|(August)}}]]
| [[Dalmatian Action|DA]]-[[Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar|PGS]]
| align=right| 83,623
| align=right| 3.18 (#'''7''')
| {{Composition bar|4|138|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{steady}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1995 Croatian parliamentary election|1995 {{small|(October)}}]]
| [[Croatian Peasant Party|HSS]]-[[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats|HNS]]-[[Croatian Christian Democratic Union|HKDU]]-[[Slavonia-Baranja Croatian Party|SBHS]]
| align=right| 441,390
| align=right| 18.26 (#'''2''')
| {{Composition bar|3|127|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{decrease}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2000 Croatian parliamentary election|2000 {{small|(January)}}]]
| [[Croatian Peasant Party|HSS]]-[[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats|HNS]]-[[Liberal Party (Croatia)|LS]]-[[Social Democratic Action of Croatia|SDA]]
| align=right| 432,527
| align=right| 14.70 (#'''3''')
| {{Composition bar|4|151|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{increase}} 1
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
! [[2003 Croatian parliamentary election|2003 {{small|(November)}}]]
| [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]]-[[Party of Liberal Democrats (Croatia)|LIBRA]]–[[Liberal Party (Croatia)|LS]]
| align=right| 560,593
| align=right| 22.6 (#'''2''')
| {{Composition bar|4|151|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{steady}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2007 Croatian parliamentary election|2007 {{small|(November)}}]]
| ''None''
| align=right| 38,267
| align=right| 1.5 (#'''4''')
| {{Composition bar|3|151|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{decrease}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2011 Croatian parliamentary election|2011 {{small|(December)}}]]
| |[[Kukuriku coalition|Kukuriku Coalition]]
| align=right| 958,312
| align=right| 40.4 (#'''1''')
| {{Composition bar|2|151|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{decrease}} 1
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
! [[2015 Croatian parliamentary election|2015 {{small|(November)}}]]
| [[Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar|PGS]]-[[Lista za Rijeku - Lista per Fiume|RI]]
| align=right| 42,193
| align=right| 1.83 (#'''4''')
| {{Composition bar|3|151|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{increase}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2016 Croatian parliamentary election|2016 {{small|(September)}}]]
| [[Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar|PGS]]-[[Lista za Rijeku - Lista per Fiume|RI]]
| align=right| 43,180
| align=right| 2.27 (#'''5''')
| {{Composition bar|3|151|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{steady}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2020 Croatian parliamentary election|2020 {{small|(July)}}]]
| [[Restart Coalition]]
| align=right| 414,615
| align=right| 24.87 (#'''2''')
| {{Composition bar|3|151|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| align=center| {{steady}}
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|}

===European Parliament===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! style="width:120px;"|Election!! style="width:140px;"|In coalition with!! style="width:100px;"|Votes won (Coalition totals)!! style="width:100px;"|Percentage!! style="width:100px;"|Total seats won (IDS only)!! Seat change
|-
![[2013 European Parliament election in Croatia|2013 {{small|(April)}}]]
|''None''
|align="center"|–
|align="center"|–
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Composition bar|0|12|green}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{steady}}
|-
![[2014 European Parliament election in Croatia|2014 {{small|(May)}}]]
|[[Kukuriku coalition|Kukuriku Coalition]]
|align="right"|275,904
|align="right"|29.93%
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Composition bar|1|11|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{increase}}1
|-
![[2019 European Parliament election in Croatia|2019 {{small|(May)}}]]
|[[Amsterdam Coalition]]
|align="right"|55,806
|align="right"|5.19%
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Composition bar|1|12|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{steady}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Istrianism]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Europe]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|hr}}

{{Renew Europe}}
{{Croatian political parties}}
{{ELDR member parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 establishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1990]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in Croatia]]
[[Category:Full member parties of the Liberal International|Croatia]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in Croatia]]
[[Category:Social liberal parties]]
[[Category:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party member parties]]
[[Category:Pro-European political parties in Croatia]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Demarcation

2024-03-27T06:55:57Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{no footnotes|date=August 2018}} Istrian Demarcation, State Archive in Rijeka The '''Istrian Demarcation''' or '''Istrian Perambulation''' ({{Lang-hr|Istarski razvod}}) is a legal document on the demarcation of territories between neighbouring municipalities in Istria, currently shared by Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. More precise...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{no footnotes|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Istarski razvod 1325 1.jpg|thumb|Istrian Demarcation, State Archive in Rijeka]]
The '''Istrian Demarcation''' or '''Istrian Perambulation''' ({{Lang-hr|Istarski razvod}}) is a legal document on the demarcation of territories between neighbouring municipalities in [[Istria]], currently shared by [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], and Italy. More precisely, between the possessions of the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia]], the [[County of Gorizia|Count of Gorica and Pazin]] and the representatives of the [[Venetian Republic]]. In addition to the borders that were being agreed upon only in disputed parts of Istria, the Istrian Demarcation also established the payment of fees for the use of forests, vineyards and pastures.

Although the document gives a date of 1325, this is sometimes corrected to 1275 on the basis of other internal evidence.<ref name=KH>Tomaž Keresteš and Borut Holcman (2015), [https://www.academia.edu/43820609 "The Istrian Perambulation as an Important Source on History of Autonomous Communes in Slovenian Istria"], ''Lex Localis – Journal of Local Self-Government'', Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 49–57.</ref>

==Authenticity==
The authenticity of the Istrian Demarcation is disputed. The original document does not survive, only later copies. The earliest copies are in the [[Croatian language]] and [[Glagolitic]] script and date to the 16th century. All [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Latin]] copies are based on a Croatian Glagolitic version. There are definite discrepancies in the surviving text.<ref name=KH/>

[[Carlo De Franceschi]] rejected it. [[Pietro Kandler]], recognizing the discrepancies, still accepted the document as basically genuine.<ref name=KH/> [[Milko Kos]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Kos, Milko|pages=127|publisher=Nadbiskupska tiskara, Zagreb|title=Studija o Istarskom razvodu|year=1931}}</ref> and {{ill|Metod Dolenc|sl}} rejected its genuineness, arguing that it was fabricated in [[March of Istria#Habsburg Margraviate|Habsburg Istria]] in the mid-15th century on the basis of several authentic records of perambulations found in the archives.<ref name=KH/> Croatian historiography in general has sought to vindicate the document. [[Luka Kirac]], [[Branko Fučić]] and [[Josip Bratulić]] all argued for its value as a historical source, even if partially falsified. Bratulić, especially, has argued that even if fabricated during a border dispute, it must contain accurate material to have had any credibility whatsoever.<ref name=KH/>

== Origin ==
The document was probably the result of separates documents being combined into the Istrian Demarcation in 1325. A commission to map and record the borders was established. The scribes of the commission were three: one to write the data in Latin, one to write it in German and one to write the data in Croatian. The data used by the commission were old documents of individual municipalities or labels found on the trees and rocks that were used for demarcation purposes. In addition, witnesses were questions on memory of the borders under oath.

There are no 14th century originals but two copies are preserved, both in Croatian (one found in Momjan, the other in Kršan). The original text in Croatian was written in the Glagolitic script by a priest called Mikul from [[Gologorica]]. The copy from Kršan was written in 1502, and is kept at the University Library in Zagreb. It was written by Levac Križanić. The copy from Momjan was also supposedly written by Kižanić.

== Contents ==
The Istrian Demarcation vaguely shows us the social organization, economic conditions and life of the rural communities in medieval Istria. The document was often claimed as unauthentic, mostly because of political reasons. The modern edition was first published by Ante Starčević in 1852.

The language of the document is not very different from other Croatian medieval legal texts, that is, the non-liturgical texts written in standard Chakavian with a low degree of Church Slavonic influence. However, even the younger copies retain some older features of Croatian (e.g. the dual form of some nouns) and minor traceas of Church Slavonic (e.g. the use of absolute construction of the dative case). The Demarcation is also famous for referring to Croatian as ''hrvacki'': <blockquote>''I ondi gospodin Menart sluga naprid sta i pokaza listi prave v keh se udržahu zapisani razvodi i kunfini meju Sovińakom z Vrhom i Plzetom, ki bihu pisani na let Božjih 1195, ke listi ondi pred nas trih nodari postaviše, keh ta gospoda izibra: jednoga latinskoga, a drugoga nimškoga, a tretoga hrvackoga, da imamo vsaki na svoj orijinal pisat, poimeno od mesta do mesta, kako se niže udrži, po vsoj deželi. I tako mi niže imenovani nodari preda vsu tu gospodu pročtesmo kako se v ńih udrži. I tako onde obe strane se sjediniše i kuntentaše i kordaše i razvodi svojimi zlameniji postaviše, i jednoj i drugoj strani pisaše listi jazikom latinskim i hrvackim, a gospoda sebe shraniše jazikom nemškim.''</blockquote>Historian Dražen Vlahov says ‘The Croatian Glagolitic document of the demarcation of the holdings of certain Istrian municipalities, i.e. of their feudal lords (Duke Albrecht of Pazin and Gorica, Patriarch Raimund of Aquileia and Venetian authorities in Istria), also known as the Istrian Demarcation, originally dated 5 May 1325, and written, as stated in the text, in three languages (Latin, German and Croatian) in three originals, written by three selected scribes: a priest called Mikula for Duke Albrecht who wrote in Croatian in the Glagolitic script, Mr Pernar from Gorica who wrote in German and Mr Ivan from Krmina who wrote it in Latin. All three specimens are considered original. None of the original documents were preserved but two copies were preserved in cursive Glagolitic in Croatian, three copies in Latin and several copies in Italian. According to experts, the Latin and Italian copies were made on the basis of the translation of the Croatian-Glagolitic specimens.’

Vlahov denies the claims of Milko Kos and Josip Bratulić that the Croatian Glagolitic copy of the Istrian Demarcation, found in Momjan in Istria in 1880, was written by an unknown author on the basis of an unpreserved copy of the notary Levac Križanić. The analysis the manuscripts of both Glagolitic copies of the Istrian Demarcation (one from Momjan and one from Kršan) written in Glagolitic cursive script concludes that both Croatian copies of the document in question were written by the same person, i.e. Levac Križanić, and that the unanalysed copy from Momjan originated before the Kršan copy, probably in 1530s.

==See also==
*[[List of Glagolitic manuscripts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Literature ==
* Bratulić, Josip (1978). ''Istarski razvod: Studija i tekst''. Pula. Čakavski sabor.

== External links ==
* [http://ihjj.hr/iz-povijesti/istarski-razvod/9/ IHJJ, Istarski razvod] {{in lang|hr}}

[[Category:History of Istria]]
[[Category:Croatian Glagolitic texts]]
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[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Coarse-haired Hound

2024-03-27T06:55:56Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}    {{Infobox Dogbreed | name = Istrian Coarse-haired Hound ''Istarski oštrodlaki gonič'' | altname = Istrian Rough-coated Hound |...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}



{{Infobox Dogbreed
| name = Istrian Coarse-haired Hound ''Istarski oštrodlaki gonič''
| altname = Istrian Rough-coated Hound
| country = [[Croatia]]
| image = Istrian hound2.jpg
| image_caption = Istrian Coarse-haired Hound

| kc_name = Croatian Kennel Club
| kc_std = http://webeng.hks.hr/istrian-wire-haired-hound/
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/ISTRIAN-SHORT-HAIRED-HOUND-151.html
}}

The '''Istrian Coarse-haired Hound''' ({{lang-hr|istarski oštrodlaki gonič}}, {{lang-sl|istrski ostrodlaki gonič}}) is a [[dog]] [[dog breed|breed]] from [[Croatia]]. It is a rough-coated [[scent hound]] still kept primarily as a [[hunting dog]] rather than as a [[pet]].

== Description ==
===Appearance===
Dogs of this breed can vary considerably in size, as the dog is still bred primarily for hunting, so more emphasis might be placed on performance than on specific appearance requirements. It can range from 26 to 60 lb (12 to 27 kg)  and stand 17 to 24 inches (43 to 60 cm) at the [[withers]].

The breed's wiry coat is weather resistant for hunting. The [[guard hair|topcoat]] is 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) long and it has a woolly [[Down hair|undercoat]]. The color is white with yellow or orange markings, usually on the ears. The ears are broad and hang flat with a long upstanding curved inwards tail.

===Temperament===
Again, because the Istrian Coarse-haired Hound has been bred primarily for hunting rather than as a companion, it tends to be willful and hence more challenging to train than many other breeds.

==History==
Although the name indicates Istria as the place of origin, place of formation is also [[Croatian Littoral]], [[Dalmatia]], [[Gorski Kotar]] and [[Lika]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Špoljarić |first1=Boris |title=65 godina priznanja pasmina istarskih goniči (65 years of recognition of the breed of Istrian hounds) |journal=Moj Pas (My Dog) |date=2020 |issue=Lipanj (June) |page=6 |url=https://web.hks.hr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Moj-Pas-062020-FINAL-online.pdf |access-date=1 November 2020 |language=hr}}</ref>
The breed first took part in a [[conformation show]] in Vienna in 1866.

The origin of the Istrian Coarse-haired Hound has been disputed since the 1960s, with competing claims from [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]]. In 2003 the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] recognized the breed as originating in Croatia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.index.hr/xmag/clanak/istarski-gonic-ipak-je-hrvatski-pas/131626.aspx|title=Istarski gonič ipak je hrvatski pas|date=13 April 2003|work=[[Index.hr]]|language=hr|access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]]
* [[List of dog breeds]]
* [[Istrian Shorthaired Hound]]
* [[Posavac Hound]]

==References==
{{more footnotes|date=August 2015}}
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*Fogle, Bruce D.V.M; ''The New Encyclopedia of the Dog'', Dorling Kindersley Books, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7894-6130-7}}
*Cunliffe, Juliette; ''The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds'', Parragon Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7525-8276-3}}

{{Croatian dogs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istrian Coarse-Haired Hound}}
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Croatia]]
[[Category:FCI breeds]]
{{Hounds}}
[[Category:Rare dog breeds]]
[[Category:Scent hounds]]

{{Commons|Category:Istarski oštrodlaki gonič}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Circle

2024-03-27T06:55:54Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} Kingdom of Illyria in 1818 The '''Istrian Circle''' or '''Circle of Istria''' ({{lang-de|Istrianer Kreis}}: {{lang-it|Circolo d'Istria}}; {{lang-sh|Istarskog okružja}}) was a province of the Kingdom of Illyria from 1825 until 1849. It was formed by merging the circle of Trieste with the district o...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
[[File:Riedl - Koenigreiche Illyrien.jpg|thumb|Kingdom of Illyria in 1818]]

The '''Istrian Circle''' or '''Circle of Istria''' ({{lang-de|Istrianer Kreis}}: {{lang-it|Circolo d'Istria}}; {{lang-sh|Istarskog okružja}}) was a province of the [[Kingdom of Illyria (1816–49)|Kingdom of Illyria]] from 1825 until 1849. It was formed by merging the circle of [[Trieste]] with the district of [[Pisino]], thus reuniting most of the [[Istrian peninsula]]. In 1849 Illyria was reincorporated into the [[Austrian Empire]] and Istria returned to being a crownland (''Kronland'') of Austria as the [[March of Istria]]. The capital of the Istrian Circle was Pisino.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alberi|first=Dario|title=Istria storia, arte, cultura|publisher=Lint Editoriale Associati|year=2001|isbn=88-8190-158-7|location=Trieste, Italy|language=Italian}}</ref> The circle was divided into the following districts: [[Albona]], [[Bellai]], [[Buje|Buie]], [[Koper|Capodistria]], [[Cherso]], [[Dignano]], [[Lussino]], [[Montona]], [[Parenzo]], [[Buzet]], [[Pirano]], [[Pisino]], [[Rovigno]], [[Pula]], [[Veglia]] and [[Volosca]].
<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dr. Kandler|title=Distretto di Albona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlM_AAAAcAAJ&dq=Distretto+di+Albona&pg=PA211|journal=L'Istria}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|location=google books|last1=Bell|first1=James|title=A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific: Or A Physical, Political, and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513631| date=1832|publisher=A. Fullarton and Company|page=310}}</ref>

==Districts in the Labinština==
Two antique castles, [[Albona]]/[[Labin]] and [[Fianona]]/[[Plomin]] which were two Agricultural Comunes, (municipalities during the Venice Republic under the control of the [[Podestá]] (Mayor/Magistrate). Each was subdivided into twelve fractions called [[Districts]]/Contrade, by the Administrator of Dalmatia and Albania, Antonio Civran,in 1632, as follows: [[Albona]], [[Rippenda]], [[Santa Domenica d'Albona]]/[[Sveta Nedelja, Istria]], [[Dubrova, Croatia|Dubrova]], [[Vettua]], [[Cere]], [[Cugn]], [[Bergod]], [[Chermenizza]], [[Vlakovo]], [[Cerovica (Istria)|Cerovica]]/[[Cerovizza]]. Later the District of [[Bersez]], which included [[S.Martin]] was taken from the District of Volosca and added to the District of Albona.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dr. Kandler|title=Distretto di Albona|work=L'Istria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlM_AAAAcAAJ&dq=Distretto+di+Albona&pg=PA211}}</ref>

==Austrian repartition==
During the Austrian repartition of 1814 and 1818, the Austrians maintained the two agricultural comunes.
#Fianona, which were the division fractions of Fianona, Cerre, Cugn, S.Domenica, Dubrova, Ripenda, Vettua.
#Albona, which was the division fraction were: Albona, Chermenizza, Bergod, Vlakovo, Ceroviza, Berseg.

==District of Albona==
The District of Albona/Labin included the whole Territory of [[Labinština]]/Labinscina peninsula. This included all the Municipalities within its territory. The Municipalities are Townships within each District.
The [[District of Albona]] was the Head District/Capocomune of the Labinština Peninsula during the Austria's control, and consisted of twelve sub-districts or fractions: [[Albona]], [[Ripenda]], [[Santa Domenica d'Albona]]/[[Sveta Nedelja (Istria)]], [[Dubrova (Istria)]], [[Vettua]], [[Cere]], [[Cugn]], [[Bergod]], [[Chermenizza]], [[Vlakovo]], [[Cerovizza]]/[[Cerovica (Istria)]], [[Bersez]].

==See also==
*[[Diet of Istria]]
*[[Austrian Littoral]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*B. Stulli. ''Istarsko okružje, 1825–1860''. Pazin, 1984.

==External links==
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Austria_crownlands.html#Istria Istria at World Statesmen]

[[Category:History of Istria|Circle]]
[[Category:Istria County]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrian Albanian

2024-03-27T06:55:53Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Extinct Gheg Albanian dialect of Istria}} {{Infobox language | name = Istrian Albanian dialect | region = Istria | extinct = 17th century | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Albanian language | fam3 = Gheg Albanian | fam4 = Northwest Gheg<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/istr1247 | title=Glottolog 4.6 - Istra Albanian }}...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Extinct Gheg Albanian dialect of Istria}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Istrian Albanian dialect
| region = [[Istria]]
| extinct = 17th century
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Albanian language]]
| fam3 = [[Gheg Albanian]]
| fam4 = Northwest Gheg<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/istr1247 | title=Glottolog 4.6 - Istra Albanian }}</ref>
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]]
| glotto = istr1247
}}
{{Albanians}}
'''Istrian Albanian''' was a [[Gheg Albanian|Gheg]] variety of the [[Albanian language]], spoken in the village of Katun {{cn-span|in the area of [[Poreč]], [[Istria]].|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12542/Albanian-language?anchor=ref604153|title=Albanian language - Dialects|encyclopedia=[[Britannica.com Inc.]]|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>{{not in citation given|date=May 2020}}

== History ==
From the 13th to the 17th century the depopulation of the [[Istrian Peninsula]] prompted the [[Republic of Venice]] to repopulate the region with settlers, which among others included Albanians.<ref name="Fine2006">{{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp|title=When ethnicity did not matter in the Balkans: a study of identity in pre-nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the medieval and early-modern periods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA118|access-date=2 March 2012|date=2006-03-02|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11414-6|page=118}}</ref> The coalescence of the various dialects spoken by the settlers led to the formation of the Istrian Albanian dialect. The only surviving text of the dialect was written by the local scholar [[Pietro Stancovich]] in the 1830s. Stankovich recorded a version of the [[Parable of the Prodigal Son]] and a vocabulary list of the dialect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albanology.com/pdfs/Kongresi_2011/Abstracts_2011.pdf|title=Analisi di alcuni manoscritti con testi e lessemi sull' albanese dell' Istria|last=Altimari|first=Francesco|year=2011|publisher=Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213194947/http://www.albanology.com/pdfs/Kongresi_2011/Abstracts_2011.pdf|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Albanian language}}

[[Category:Albanian dialects]]
[[Category:History of Istria]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Europe]]

{{ie-lang-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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Английская Википедия:Istria Cup

2024-03-27T06:55:49Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox football tournament | name = Istria Cup | logo = | caption = | founded = 2013 | region = {{CRO}} | number of teams = 6 | current champions = {{fbw|Slovenia}} | most successful team = | website = | current = }} The '''Istria Cup''' is an annual invitational women's...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox football tournament
| name = Istria Cup
| logo =
| caption =
| founded = 2013
| region = {{CRO}}
| number of teams = 6
| current champions = {{fbw|Slovenia}}
| most successful team =
| website =
| current =
}}

The '''Istria Cup''' is an annual invitational [[women's football (soccer)|women's football]] tournament, hosted by [[Croatia]] since 2013, in the [[Istria]] region of Croatia. It is held at the same time of the year as the [[Algarve Cup]], the [[Arnold Clark Cup]], the [[Cup of Nations (Australia)|Cup of Nations]], the [[Cyprus Women's Cup]], the [[Pinatar Cup]], the [[SheBelieves Cup]], the [[Tournoi de France (women's football)|Tournoi de France]], the [[Turkish Women's Cup]] and the [[Women's Revelations Cup]]. The format of competition varies from year to year.

==History==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
!width="5%"|Year
!width="1%" rowspan=8|
!width="20%"|Winner
!width="20%"|Runner-up
!width="20%"|Third Place
!width="20%"|Fourth Place
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|[[2013 Slavic Cup|2013]]
|'''{{fbw-big|Russia}}'''
|{{fbw-big|Czech Republic}}
|{{fbw-big|Slovenia}}
|{{fbw-big|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|rowspan=2|[[2014 Istria Cup|2014]]
|'''{{fbw-big|Belarus}}'''
|rowspan=2 colspan=3 align=left|Notes: There were no placement matches. There were 2 group winners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.istriacup.com/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816070642/http://www.istriacup.com/
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=August 16, 2018
|title=Istria Cup|publisher=istriacup.com|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref>
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|'''{{fbw-big|Chinese Taipei}}'''
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|[[2015 Istria Cup|2015]]
|'''{{fbw-big|Poland}}'''
|{{fbw-big|Slovakia}}
|{{fbw-big|Austria}}
|{{fbw-big|France|name=France B}}
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|rowspan=2|[[2016 Istria Cup|2016]]
|'''{{fbwu-big|23|United States|name=United States under-23}}'''
|rowspan=2 colspan=3 align=left|Notes: Eight teams participated in 2 groups. There were no placement matches. The final standings are the same as group standings. [[United States women's national under-23 soccer team|United States under-23 team]] earned 7 points, more than any other team.
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|'''{{fbw-big|Hungary|name=Hungary B}}'''
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|[[2017 Istria Cup|2017]]
|'''{{fbw-big|Slovakia}}'''
|{{fbw-big|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{fbw-big|France|name=France B}}
|{{fbw-big|Northern Ireland}}
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|2018
|rowspan=1 colspan=6 align=center|Not Held
|- align=center bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|[[2019 Istria Cup|2019]]
|
|'''{{fbw-big|SVN}}'''
|{{fbw-big|SRB}}
|{{fbw-big|UKR}}
|{{fbw-big|BIH}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Istria Cup}}
{{International women's football}}

[[Category:Istria Cup| ]]
[[Category:International women's association football invitational tournaments]]
[[Category:International association football competitions hosted by Croatia]]
[[Category:Women's football in Croatia]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Croatia]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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Английская Википедия:Istria County

2024-03-27T06:55:45Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|County in western Croatia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Redirect|County of Istria|the historical county|March of Istria}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Istria County | native_name = {{native name|hr|Istarska županija}} {{native name|it|Regione istriana}} | settlement_type = County | s...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|County in western Croatia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Redirect|County of Istria|the historical county|March of Istria}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Istria County
| native_name = {{native name|hr|Istarska županija}} {{native name|it|Regione istriana}}
| settlement_type = [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Croatia
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=centera
|photo1a =Poreč - Basílica Eufrasiana - Detall mosaics.JPG
|photo2a =Rock above spa.jpg
|photo2b =2010-08-16 Brijuni Villa.jpg
|photo3a =Plovanija monument.jpg
|photo3b =Rovinj–Clock tower-01.jpg
|photo3c =Temple of Augustus, Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea, Histria (10403937676).jpg
|photo3d =PulaFotoThalerTamas2.jpg
|photo4a =Limski Fjord.jpg
|photo4b =Pazinski kaštel - jugoistok.jpg
|photo4c =Čepić field seen from Kožljak.JPG
|photo5a =Vodnjan (Dignano), Croatia.JPG
|photo5b =Umag from beach 5.JPG
|spacing = 1
|color = #FFFFFF
|border = 1
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Zastava Istarske županije.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Grb Istarske županije.svg
| shield_alt =
| anthem = {{native name|hr|[[Krasna zemljo]]}} {{small|"Beautiful land"}}
| image_map = Istarska županija in Croatia.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Istria County within Croatia
| seat_type = [[County seat]] [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|Largest City]]
| seat = '''[[Pazin]]''' [[Pula]]
| leader_title = [[List of prefects of Istria County|Župan]]
| leader_name = [[Boris Miletić]] ([[Independent politician|Ind.]])
| leader_title1 = Assembly
| leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list
|title = 41 members
|frame_style= border: none; padding: 0;
|list_style=text-align:left;display:none;
| {{Color box|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}|border=darkgray}} [[Istrian Democratic Assembly|IDS]], ISU, ZS (22)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}|border=darkgray}} [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]] (7)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}|border=darkgray}} [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]] (5)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|We can! (Croatia)}}|border=darkgray}} [[We can! (Croatia)|Možemo!]], [[Sustainable Development of Croatia|ORaH]] (4)
|
| {{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} Independents (3)
}}
| area_total_km2 = 2813
| area_footnotes = <ref name="DZS">{{Croatia Yearbook 2015|page=62}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_total = 195794
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011-counties">{{Croatian Census 2021|S}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official languages
| demographics2_info1 = [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]
| coordinates =
| iso_code = HR-18
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.875<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> {{color|#090|very high}} · [[List of Croatian counties by Human Development Index|3rd]]
| website = {{url|http://www.istra-istria.hr/}}
| footnotes =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Croatia|Area code]]
| area_code = 052
| official_name =
}}

'''Istria County''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|t|r|i|ə}}; {{lang-hr|Istarska [[županija]]}}; {{lang-it|'''Regione istriana'''}}, {{lit.}} "Istrian Region") is the westernmost [[Counties of Croatia|county]] of [[Croatia]] which includes the majority of the [[Istria]]n peninsula.

Administrative centers in the county are [[Pazin]], [[Pula]] and [[Poreč]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istra-istria.hr/index.php?id=493 |title=Regione Istriana: Struttura organizzativa |author= |language=it |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173953/http://www.istra-istria.hr/index.php?id=493 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Istria County has the largest [[Italian language in Croatia|Italian-speaking population in Croatia]].

==History==
The caves near Pula (in latinium ''Pietas Julia''), ''Lim bay'', ''Šandalja'', and ''Roumald's cave'', house [[Stone Age]] archaeological remains. Less ancient [[Stone Age]] sites, from the period between 6000 and 2000 BC can also be found in the area. More than 400 locations are classified as [[Bronze Age]] (1800–1000 BC) items. Numerous findings including [[weapon]]s, [[tool]]s, and [[jewelry]]) which are from the earlier [[Iron Age|iron era]] around the beginning of [[common era]].

The Istrian peninsula was known to [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as the ''terra magica''. Its name is derived from the [[Histri]], an [[Illyrians|Illyrian tribe]] who as accounted by the geographer [[Strabo]] lived in the region. Romans described them as [[pirate]]s who were hard to conquer due to the difficulty of navigating the territory. After two military campaigns, Roman legions finally subdued them in 177 BC.

With the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476, Istria was conquered by the [[Goths]] and then by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]]. During Byzantine rule, it was shortly ruled by Avars. Istria was annexed by the [[Lombards]] in 751, by the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] in 774, by the [[Franks]] during the reign of [[Charlemagne]] in 789, and successively controlled by various dukes, ([[Carinthia]], [[Merano]], [[Bavaria]]). Later it was run by the patriarchs of [[Aquileia]].

In 1267 the [[Republic of Venice]] annexed the western and southern coast of the Istrian peninsula because of the strong presence of the autochthonous Italian community; during this period the region prospered. The major Istrian cities were reborn under Italian government; it was in this half millennium that they developed architecturally and culturally.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The eastern half of Istria was administered by the Habsburgs, and was referred to as "Imperial Istria" with its capital at Pisino (German: Mitterburg).

In 1797, with the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] written by [[Napoleon]], the peninsula with the whole Republic of Venice passed to the [[Habsburgs]] of Austria. The [[Peace of Pressburg (1805)|Treaty of Pressburg]] in 1805 handed Istria to the Kingdom of Italy. The [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] in 1809 transferred Istria to France. In 1815, the [[Congress of Vienna]] confirmed Austria's possession on the Northern [[Adriatic Sea]] along with [[Istria]]. Regional guvernative units were formed in [[Gorizia]] (Gorizia county), [[Trieste]] (Istrian area), and [[Rijeka]] ([[Pazin|Pazin county]] and [[Kvarner Gulf]]). From 1849 they were united in [[Austrian Littoral]]. The free port of Trieste presented an individual guvernative unit outside of other guvernative areas.
Starting in 1861 until 1918/1920 the seat to a regional [[Parliament]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] was in Parenzo (today: Poreč).{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

After World War I, according to the peace treaty of [[Rapallo]] Istria became part of Italy in 1920. [[Fascism]] and later [[Nazism|Nazi]] occupation spoiled otherwise tolerant ethnic relations in the area. After [[World War II]] Istria was assigned to [[Yugoslavia]] and many ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]]) left in the [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]]. With the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|collapse of Communist Yugoslavia]] Istria became part of an independent Croatia and the region saw no fighting in the [[Croatian War of Independence|ensuing war]]. Today it is one of the most economically developed parts of Croatia. Currently, some people ask for a higher degree of autonomy for the county. This is known as [[Istrianism]].

Personalities like [[Robert Koch]] and writer [[James Joyce]] lived and worked in Istria. Writer [[Jules Verne]] was inspired to write his novel ''[[Mathias Sandorf]]'' after hearing of the [[quarry]] and [[cave]] in Pazin and the poet [[Dante Alighieri]] visited and wrote a few lines about Istria.

==Geography==
[[File:Istria Croatian Adriatic.png|270px|thumb|Map of Istria]]
Its coastline is {{convert|445|km|0|abbr=on}} long with islands making up {{convert|539.9|km|0|abbr=on}}. A smaller part of Istria also belongs to the [[Primorje-Gorski Kotar County]] of Croatia. Mirroring the bay of [[Venice]] across the [[Adriatic]] and the [[Quarnaro River|Quarnaro Gulf]], the region is not far from the [[Julian Alps]]. The westernmost point is at [[Savudrija]] while the southernmost is near [[Premantura]], on the local [[promontory]] of Kamenjak.

The terrain consists of a [[limestone]] [[plateau]] much of which lacks water owing to its [[karst topography]]. The northeastern section is an extension of the [[Dinaric Alps]]. The highest point is ''Vojak'' on [[Učka]] [[mountain]] {{convert|1401|m|2|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] and there is another range of mountains, the [[Ćićarija]].

There are so called "bijela", "siva", and "crvena" Istra (white, grey and red Istria). White Istria is around the mountain peaks, Grey Istria is the fertile inner lands while Red Istria is the blood-red painted lands of [[terra rossa]] or "crljenica" near the coastline.

Sites such as the ''Grotto of Baredine'' near Poreč, the underground river [[Pazinčica]], and the [[karst]] [[Pazin pit]] (Pazinska jama) near [[Pazin]] are geologic attractions. The [[Lim (Croatia)|Limski Kanal]] is the only structure resembling a [[fjord]] in continental Europe outside of [[Scandinavia]] (though actually it is not a fjord, but a [[ria]]). The [[quarry]] near [[Rovinj]] has been designed for studying geology. The longest river, the [[Mirna (Adriatic Sea)|Mirna]] is only {{convert|32|km|0|abbr=on}} long and its mouth is near [[Novigrad, Istria County|Novigrad]]. Other rivers that pass through Istria include the ''Dragonja River'' and the [[Raša (river)|Raša River]].

The continental plains and valleys are primarily utilized for agriculture, such as growing cereals and vegetables. Closer to the sea, red lands are used for cultivation of [[grapes]], [[vine]], olives, and [[ficus|fig]]s. Agriculture and the production of ecological food, the [[olive]] gardens, and the production of quality wines is the focus of Istria's [[agriculture sector]]. The coastline and nearby islands are rich in the [[maquis shrubland]] (mostly [[Quercus rotundifolia|holm oak]] and [[Arbutus unedo|strawberry tree]]). Woods, mostly [[oak]] and [[pine]] trees, cover a third of the territory.

The [[Brijuni]] [[National parks (Croatia)|national park]] and the [[Učka]] [[nature park]] are well-known natural reservations and legally protected landscapes. This mountain range feeds the rivers and lakes from eastern Istria to the Raša river in the ''Labinština'' peninsula. Other interesting localities are [[Lim (Croatia)|Lim Bay]], the wood near [[Motovun]], park woods ''Zlatni Rt'' and ''Šijana'' near Pula, the protected landscape of ''Kamenjak'' in the extreme south of Istria, and the reservation Palud with an [[ornithology]] near [[Rovinj]]. The Brijuni [[archipelago]] is an interesting habitat of about 680 plant species and also decorated by the most diverse vegetation and olive groves.

==Climate==
Protected from the north by the mountain chain of [[Alps]] as well the inner highland, the [[climate]] is [[Mediterranean|borderline Mediterranean]] and [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] with wetter winters and drier summers, but not completely dry. Overall a very pleasant climate with the highest [[air temperature]] averaging 24 °C during August, and the lowest air temperature averaging 5 °C in January. Summers are usually warm during the day and cooler near the evening, although strange heat wave patterns are common. The weather ranges from humid to dry with over 10 hours of sunshine daily. Primarily, there is a lot of moisture in the air especially in the coastal towns of Istra such as Poreč, Vrsar, Rovinj, Pula, and others. Temperatures above 10 °C last for more than 240 days a year. Excessive heat (above 30 °C) lasts for three weeks at the most. Despite air temperatures being lower than those in [[Dalmatia]], the [[Adriatic sea]] is warmer reaching up to 26 °C in August, coldest in March, (9-11 °C), while the freezing even in small, shallow bays is quite rare. There are two kinds of winds - the [[bora (wind)|bora]] is bringing cold and clear weather from the north in winters, and the southern [[Sirocco|jugo]] bringing rain in summer. The [[Mistral (wind)|maestral]] is a summer breeze blowing from the inland to the sea. The [[salinity]] of the sea water is 0.37%.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations of Istria County
|shading = off
| align = right
| cols = 1
|1857 |117719
|1869 |133518
|1880 |160000
|1890 |176196
|1900 |194455
|1910 |236981
|1921 |215167
|1931 |223949
|1948 |183344
|1953 |175094
|1961 |176838
|1971 |175199
|1981 |188332
|1991 |204346
|2001 |206344
|2011 |208055
|2021 |195794
|footnote=
|source = ''Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001'', [[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]], Zagreb, 2005
}}

According to the 2021 census the total population of Istria County is 195,794 which amounts to approxmiately 4.8% of Croatia's entire population. The county's population density is approximately 70 inhabitants per km2 with an average age of 45 years.

{{Croatian population data graph |popisi=HRV |upisano=2022-06-04 |područje=Istria County |p1857=117719 |p1869=133518 |p1880=160000 |p1890=176196 |p1900=194455 |p1910=236981 |p1921=215167 |p1931=223949 |p1948=183344 |p1953=175094 |p1961=176838 |p1971=175199 |p1981=188332 |p1991=204346 |p2001=206344 |p2011=208055 |p2021=195794}}

Istria county is administratively subdivided into 41 local units of government - 10 of these are officially designated as cities/towns and 31 are largely rural municipalities. More than 70 percent of the county's population lives in these ten urban areas:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pula]] / Pola (57,460)
* [[Poreč]] / Parenzo (16,696)
* [[Rovinj]] / Rovigno (14,294)
* [[Umag]] / Umago (13,467)
* [[Labin]] / Albona (11,642)
* [[Pazin]] / Pisino (8,638)
* [[Buzet]] / Pinguente (6,133)
* [[Vodnjan]] / Dignano (6,119)
* [[Buje]] / Buie (5,182)
* [[Novigrad, Istria County|Novigrad]] / Cittanova (4,345)
{{div col end}}

There are also 31 municipalities:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bale (town)|Bale]] / Valle (1,127)
* [[Barban]]/ Barbana (2,721)
* [[Brtonigla]] / Verteneglio (1,626)
* [[Cerovlje]] / Cerreto (1,677)
* [[Fažana]] / Fasana (3,635)
* [[Gračišće]] / Gallignana (1,419)
* [[Grožnjan]] / Grisignana (736)
* [[Kanfanar]] / Canfanaro (1,543)
* [[Karojba]] / Caroiba (1,438)
* [[Kaštelir-Labinci]] / Castellier-Santa Domenica (1,463)
* [[Kršan]] / Chersano (2,951)
* [[Lanišće]] / Lanischie (329)
* [[Ližnjan]] / Lisignano (3,965)
* [[Lupoglav, Istria County|Lupoglav]] / Lupogliano (924)
* [[Marčana]] / Marzana (4,253)
* [[Medulin]] / Medolino (6,481)
* [[Motovun]] / Montona (1,004)
* [[Oprtalj]] / Portole (850)
* [[Pićan]] / Pedena (1,827)
* [[Raša, Istria County|Raša]] / Arsia (3,183)
* [[Sveta Nedelja, Istria|Sveta Nedelja]] / Santa Domenica d'Albona (2,987)
* [[Sveti Lovreč]] / San Lorenzo di Pesenatico (1,015)
* [[Sveti Petar u Šumi]] / San Pietro di Selve (1,065)
* [[Svetvinčenat]] / Sanvincenti (2,202)
* [[Tar-Vabriga]] / Torre-Abrega (1,990)
* [[Tinjan]] / Antignana (1,684)
* [[Višnjan]] / Visignano (2,274)
* [[Vižinada]] / Visinada (1,158)
* [[Vrsar]] / Orsera (2,162)
* [[Žminj]] / Gimino (3,483)
* [[Funtana]] / Fontane (907)
{{div col end}}

{{multiple image| perrow = 2| total_width = 300
| image1 = Grožnjan1.jpg
| width1 = 150
| height1 = 150
| image2 = Croatia Pula 2014-10-11 11-27-52.jpg
| width2 = 150
| height2 = 150
| image3 = Italian architecture Pula (01).JPG
| footer = The Italian tricolour as flag of the [[Italians of Croatia|autochthonous Italian minority]] is displayed alongside the Croatian and the Istrian flags on government buildings
}}

Besides official Croatian, the [[Chakavian dialect]] of [[Croatian language|Croatian]] is often in use, as in most coastal counties. [[Italian language|Italian]] is also recognized in the county as an official language.

In 2021 the population was 195,237 and the main ethnic groups were as follows:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Popis 2021. |trans-title=Census 2021 |url=https://popis2021.hr/ |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=Državni zavod za statistiku |language=hr |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062703/https://www.popis2021.hr/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Croats]] – 149,152 (76,l.40%)
* Regional affiliation – 10,025 (5.13%)
* [[Istrian Italians|Italians]] – 9,784 (5.01%)
* [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]] – 5,778 (2.98%)
* [[Bosniaks of Croatia|Bosniaks]] – 4,838 (2.48%)
* [[Albanians of Croatia|Albanians]] – 2,055 (1.05%)

Before World War I and until World War II, Istria contained a large autochthonous Romance language speaking community consisting of [[Venetian language|Venetian dialects]], [[Istriot language|Istriot]] and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] along with [[Italian language|Italian]], plus various local [[Chakavian|Slavic dialects]], some of which were likewise unique to Istria. Today, apart from the [[Chakavian|local dialects]] and official [[Croatian language|Croatian]], one still finds in this region a small community of people, the [[Istro-Romanians]], who speak [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], closely related to [[Romanian language|Romanian]], other districts where [[Venetian language|Venetian dialects]] and [[Istriot language|Istriot]] are still spoken.

Due to its traditional bond with Europe and its level of international integration, in 1994 Istria County was the first Croatian region to become a member of the [[Assembly of European Regions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istra-istria.hr/index.php?id=457 |title=Skupština europskih regija (SER) |publisher=Istria County |language=hr |access-date=19 July 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630113129/http://www.istra-istria.hr/index.php?id=457 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Communication==
Istria is well connected with the rest of Croatia and Europe. Due to its connection with a wider European area, road development suitably covers all needs and contributes to a balanced development of the coastal area and the Istrian interior.

Initially, the need for [[railroad]]s in Istria was based upon fast development of industrial activities; [[shipbuilding]], construction material, machine and electric industries, as well as Austrian military interests. After [[Vienna]] and [[Trieste]] were connected in 1876, the railway between [[Divača]], (in today's [[Slovenia]]) and Pula, ({{convert|122|km|0|abbr=on}} long with {{convert|21|km|0|abbr=on}} long branch [[Kanfanar]] - Rovinj), was opened. Despite numerous initiatives, the western parts of Istria have been connected with the railroad only in 1902, with construction of the [[Parenzana]] narrow-gauge railway. The {{convert|123.1|km|0|abbr=on}} long railway, was dismantled in 1935. To this day, Istria County's rail connections are only towards [[Slovenia]], and despite the fact that some plans to build railroad tunnel through [[Učka]] mountain date from decades ago,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://istra.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2315 |title=Raška pruga |website=istra.lzmk.hr |access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> there are no projections about financing and works are not scheduled to start any time soon.
The connection to the rest of Croatian rail network is by [[HŽ]] national railways' bus service from the [[Lupoglav, Istria County|Lupoglav]] junction to the [[Rijeka]] Station via [[Učka Tunnel|Učka road tunnel]]

Croatian Istria County's highway system is callen the "[[Istrian Y]]". [[A8 (Croatia)|A8]] motorway connects the county to the rest of Croatia from [[Matulji]] ([[A7 (Croatia)|A7]]/ further [[A6 (Croatia)|A6]]) interchange through Učka Tunnel to [[Kanfanar interchange]], and [[A9 (Croatia)|A9]] motorway connects Pula via [[Kanfanar]] to [[Umag]], connecting the county to [[Slovenian Istria]] and further to Italy.

The only significant [[airport]] with scheduled commercial service is [[Pula Airport]]. Large majority of flights are only seasonal.

==Economy==
[[Image:Vino Teran (Croatia).jpg|thumb|Various bottles of [[Terrano (grape)|Teran]], red wine with controlled geographical origin, produced in specified region of Western Istria]]
Well-developed are [[processing industry]], with traditional [[agriculture]], sea fishing and growing, construction and production of construction materials ([[Lime (mineral)|lime]], [[cement]], brick, stone), trade and [[transport]]. Most developed branches of industry are [[shipbuilding]] (In the early 1970s its [[Uljanik]] [[shipyard]] was building the biggest ships in the world as [[Berge Adria]] and others), metal processing, wood industry, furniture industry, automotive components industry, electric machines and appliances industry, glass, plastic, textile, tobacco industry. According to economic indicators, the leading activities are processing industry, tourism, and trade.

Great attention is being given to agriculture and the production of ecologic food, the wine and olive growing. Historically cultivated local wine varieties include [[Malvasia]] (white) and [[Terrano (grape)|Teran]] (red).

Istrian olive growers are being included in the first international [[extra virgin olive oil]] guide ''Flos Olei'' since 2000s, with Istria being both second and then first in the world by number of the included olive growers for 8 years respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/istria-declared-worlds-best-olive-oil-region-for-8th-year/ |website=croatiaweek.com |publisher=Croatia Week |title=Istria declared world's best olive oil region for 8th year |date=6 September 2023 |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref> Istria was declared world's best olive oil region by this guide for 8 years in a row (2017-2024).<ref>{{cite web |lang=hr |url=https://www.glasistre.hr/istra/2023/10/03/-istra-osmu-godinu-zaredom-najjaca-maslinarska-regija-u-svijetu-888122?ref=morski.hr |last=Pavlović |first=Milan |title=Istra osmu godinu zaredom najjača maslinarska regija u svijetu |website=glasistre.hr |publisher=Glas Istre |date=4 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Organized tourism in Istria goes back to the Romans, when emperor [[Vespasian]], for the [[entertainment]] of that time, built the [[Pula Arena]]. During the reign of [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in (1866), Austrian and Hungarian royalty and aristocracy started visiting local resorts and discovered Poreč.

Significant efforts were made after [[World War II]] to develop the tourist infrastructure and to accentuate its importance. In combination with the natural environment, history and [[cultural heritage]], investments resulted in developed and competitive service all along the western coast in Poreč, Pula, Rovinj, Umag, Novigrad, and Vrsar.

One growing trend among the centrally located cities, especially [[Kanfanar]], is [[agritourism]]. Beginning with La Casa di Matiki in 1994 after the war, a number of eccentric agritouristic Bed and Breakfasts have sprung up in central Istria, providing opportunities for individuals, couples, and families to experience a very authentic Istrian experience while learning about the Istrian agricultural lifestyle.

In the eastern part, as part of another county, there are resorts like [[Rabac]], [[Opatija]]. Istria was and still is the most important tourist destination in Croatia, hosting the western and central European visitors, mostly from Germany, Slovenia, Austria and Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.istra.hr/.app/upl_files/Istra_2014_01-12.pdf |title=DOLASCI I NOĆENJA TURISTA U ISTRI PO ZEMLJAMA PORIJEKLA |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030756/http://www.istra.hr/.app/upl_files/Istra_2014_01-12.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Area is the most visited tourist region with 27% of all visitors and 35% of time spent in all of Croatia.

==County government==
[[Image:Istria county assembly composition.svg|thumb|300px|Distribution of seats in the Assembly of the Istrian County, 2021]]
The current [[List of prefects of the Istria County|Prefect]] of Istria County is [[Boris Miletić]] ([[Independent politician|Ind.]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istra-istria.hr/hr/ustrojstvo/zupanijski-ustroj/zupan-i-zamjenici-zupana/ |title=Župan i zamjenici župana}}</ref>

The county assembly is composed of 41 representatives from the following political parties:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Political party
! Seats won
! Government
|-
|[[Istrian Democratic Assembly|IDS]] - [[Istrian Party of Pensioners|ISU]] - [[Green Party (Croatia)|ZS]]
|{{Composition bar|23|41|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}}}
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]]
|{{Composition bar|7|41|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}}}
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
|{{Composition bar|6|41|{{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}}}
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[We can! (Croatia)|We Can!]] - [[Sustainable Development of Croatia|ORaH]]
|{{Composition bar|5|41|hex={{party color|We can! (Croatia)}}}}
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|}

===Minority councils and representatives===
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.<ref name="T-Portal">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/manjinski-izbori-prve-nedjelje-u-svibnju-krecu-i-edukacije-20230313 |title=Manjinski izbori prve nedjelje u svibnju, kreću i edukacije |date=13 March 2023 |author= |publisher=[[T-portal]] |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> At the [[2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections]] [[Albanians of Croatia|Albanians]], [[Bosniaks of Croatia|Bosniaks]], [[Montenegrins of Croatia|Montenegrins]] (electing 22 members), [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]], [[Slovenes of Croatia|Slovenes]] (electing 24 members), [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]] and [[Italians of Croatia]] each fulfilled legal requirements to elect 25 members minority councils of the Istria County while [[Czechs of Croatia|Czechs]], [[Hungarians of Croatia|Hungarians]], [[Macedonians of Croatia|Macedonians]] and [[Ukrainians of Croatia]] elected individual representatives with [[Germans of Croatia|German]], [[Russians of Croatia|Russian]] and [[Slovaks of Croatia|Slovak]] representatives remained unelected due to the lack of candidates.<ref name="IŽ-Manjine-2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.izbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2023/Manjinski%20izbori%202023/Rezultati/Z18_ISTARSKA_ZUPANIJA.pdf |title=Informacija o konačnim rezultatima izbora članova vijeća i izbora predstavnika nacionalnih manjina 2023. XVIII. ISTARSKA ŽUPANIJA |date=2023 |author= |publisher=Državno izborno povjerenstvo Republike Hrvatske |page=3-8 |language=hr |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> Numerous municipalities, towns or cities in the county elected their own local minority councils as well.<ref name="IŽ-Manjine-2023"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Croatia}}
* [[Castellieri culture]]
* [[Counties of Croatia]]
* [[History of Istria]]
* [[Istria]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč and Pula]]

==References==
{{More citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Istria County}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|hr|it|en}}

{{Subdivisions of Istria County}}
{{Counties of Croatia}}

{{Coord|45|14|21|N|13|56|19|E|display=title|region:HR_type:city_source:dewiki}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Istria County| ]]
[[Category:Istria]]
[[Category:Counties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Regions of Europe with multiple official languages]]
[[Category:Populated places in Croatia where Italian is an official language]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istria (yacht)

2024-03-27T06:55:44Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox sailing yacht | title = Istria | image = | caption = | othernames = | club = | nat = | class = 15-metre | sailno = | designer = Charles Ernest Nicholson | builder = Camper & Nicholsons Gosport, Hampshire | launched = 1912 | owner = Charles Carrick Allom...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox sailing yacht
| title = Istria
| image =
| caption =
| othernames =
| club =
| nat =
| class = [[15mR|15-metre]]
| sailno =
| designer = [[Charles Ernest Nicholson]]
| builder = [[Camper & Nicholsons]] [[Gosport]], [[Hampshire]]
| launched = 1912
| owner = [[Charles Allom|Charles Carrick Allom]]
| fate = Broken up 1924
| skip =
| wins =
| ac_year =
| lv_year =
| cc_year =
| og_year =
| rr_year =
| type =
| crew =
| length =
| beam =
| draft =
| height =
| displacement =
| sail =
| notes =
}}
The [[15mR]] racing yacht '''''Istria''''' was designed by [[Charles Ernest Nicholson]] and built at the [[Camper & Nicholsons]] yard in [[Gosport]], [[Hampshire]], in 1912 for [[Sir Charles Carrick Allom]] (Yard number 204). She was the first large yacht to be built with [[laminated]] frames and planking to save weight, the first to feature a Marconi topmast<ref>{{cite book|author=John Leather|title=The Gaff Rig Handbook: History, Design, Techniques, Developments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vunvLutTE7QC&q=istria&pg=PA58 |page=58|year=2001|work=[[WoodenBoat]]|publisher=WoodenBoat Books |isbn=9780937822678}}</ref> and the first to feature a dinghy cockpit. She was broken up in 1924 in Norway.

==Design==
In order to reduce the [[wetted surface]] yet retain stability, ''Istria''{{'}}s hull shape consisted of a long forward overhang and a wide beam at the waterline. ''[[Yachting Monthly]]'' described her as "Short on the waterline, with large displacement, a fine tail and a useful snout, she would not have been a pretty vessel had she not proved clever. But as I have always insisted that efficiency is beauty, the blue 'fifteen' was admired". Her midsection also featured a distinctive [[tumblehome]], a feature that Nicholson would repeat in subsequent boats designed to the IYRU [[International rule (sailing)|International rule]].<ref name=dear>{{cite book|author=Ian Dear|title=Camper & Nicholsons: Two Centuries of Yacht Building|year=2001|publisher=Quiller Press|page=57|isbn=9781899163649}}</ref>

===The first Marconi mast===
Nicholson devised a topmast that slotted atop the mainmast, and fitted with a track to fasten the topsail luff. This design eliminated the need for a topsail yard, thus permitting a lighter and loftier rig as well as easier hoisting and dowsing. Nicholson produced similar rigs for ''Pamela'' and ''Paula III'' and the rig was dubbed [[Marconi Company|"Marconi mast"]] because the elaborate standing rigging reminisced a radio mast.

===Dinghy cockpit===
For the sake of safety in case a yacht should flounder, the rules at the time stated that a dinghy should be on the deck of the yacht during racing, and was typically stored over the main skylight. In order to reduce the windage, Nicholson created an open dinghy with a gunwale overhang which could be recessed into an aperture of the deck of the yacht, the open dinghy cockpit thus serving as the yacht's cockpit. When the ''Istria'' attended her first race, all the opposition protested against the arrangement. However, after successfully proving that the dinghy could be launched in under 10 seconds, the protests subsided.

===Approximate dimensions===
{| class=wikitable
|-
|Length on deck||23.94 m
|-
|Load waterline length||14.7 8m
|-
|Beam||4.16 m
|-
|Draught||2.82 m
|-
|Displacement||40 tons
|}

==Race history==
In her first season, the ''Istria'' started in 31 races in European waters<ref name=nytimes>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/16/100077276.pdf|work=The New York Times|date=1916-03-15|title=Allom won't challenge}}</ref> and won 29 of them. Originally 60 races had been planned but due to very strong winds there were only 43 starts. Over the following seasons up to the start of the First World War; The ''Istria'' won a further 43 races from 50 starts, thus making a very impressive 72 wins from 81 starts.

The ''Istria''{{'}}'s success briefly encouraged Allom to build a challenger for the [[America's Cup]] in 1913, but he decided to concentrate on improving the ''Istria'' when she faced a stiffening competition from newer European boats.<ref name=nytimes /> The ''Istria''{{'}} remained dominant throughout her racing career.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:15-metre class yachts]]
[[Category:Sailing yachts designed by Charles Ernest Nicholson]]
[[Category:Ships built in Gosport]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istria (river)

2024-03-27T06:55:42Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox river | name = Istria | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology =  | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Romania  | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Romania...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Istria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Romania

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Romania]]
| subdivision_type2 = Counties
| subdivision_name2 = [[Constanța County]]
| subdivision_type3 = Villages
| subdivision_name3 = [[Istria, Constanța|Istria]]

| length = {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Lake Istria]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|44.5616|28.7379|display=it}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression = [[Lake Istria]]→ [[Lake Sinoe]]→ [[Black Sea]]
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|42|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label = River code
| custom_data = XV.1.6a
| extra =
}}

The '''Istria''' is a [[river]] in [[Constanța County]], [[Romania]].{{GeoSource|RO|Atlas|493|XV.1.6a}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://annalsreview.geo.unibuc.ro/2003/Complete_Version_2003.pdf|title=Apele Dobrogei|author1=Zaharia, L.|author2=Pișota, I.|journal=Analele Universității București: Geografie|year=2003|page=123|language=ro}}</ref> Near the village [[Istria, Constanța|Istria]] it flows into [[Lake Istria]],<ref>[http://www.e-calauza.ro/index.php?afiseaza=pluta_noua&rau=2008 Istria (jud. Constanta)], e-calauza.ro</ref> which is connected with [[Lake Sinoe]], a lagoon of the [[Black Sea]]. Its length is {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} and its basin size is {{convert|42|km2|abbr=on}}.{{GeoSource|RO|Atlas|493|XV.1.6a}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Romania}}

[[Category:Rivers of Constanța County]]
[[Category:Rivers of Romania]]
[[Category:Coastal basins of the Black Sea in Romania|0Istria]]

{{Constanța-river-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istria (disambiguation)

2024-03-27T06:55:41Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{wiktionary|Istria}} '''Istria''' may refer to: *Istria, a large peninsula in northern Adriatic Sea shared by Croatia, Slovenia and Italy **Istria County, present-day county of Croatia whose territory includes almost 90 percent of the peninsula **Slovene Istria, present-day region of Slovenia which includes northwestern portion of the peninsula **March of Istria, a h...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{wiktionary|Istria}}
'''Istria''' may refer to:

*[[Istria]], a large peninsula in northern Adriatic Sea shared by Croatia, Slovenia and Italy
**[[Istria County]], present-day county of Croatia whose territory includes almost 90 percent of the peninsula
**[[Slovene Istria]], present-day region of Slovenia which includes northwestern portion of the peninsula
**[[March of Istria]], a historical county located on the peninsula
*[[183 Istria]], an asteroid discovered in 1878 named after the peninsula
*[[Istria (Milan Metro)]], a subway station in Milan, Italy
*[[Istria, Constanța]], a commune in Romania, located near [[Histria (ancient city)]] on the western coast of the Black Sea
*[[Istria (river)]], a river in Constanța County, Romania
*''[[Istria (yacht)|Istria]]'', an IYRU 15mR racing yacht designed by [[Charles Ernest Nicholson]] and launched in 1912

==See also==
{{canned search|istria}}
* [[Trieste (disambiguation)]]
* {{srt|1}}

{{disambiguation}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istria (Milan Metro)

2024-03-27T06:55:38Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|Milan metro station}} {{Infobox station | name = 22px Istria | type = | style = Milan Metro | image = Metropolitana di Milano - linea M5 (lilla) - banchina stazione Istria - Milano - 03.JPG | image_caption = | address = | coordinates = | line = | other = | struct...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Milan metro station}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Logo Metropolitane Italia.svg|22px]] Istria
| type =
| style = Milan Metro
| image = Metropolitana di Milano - linea M5 (lilla) - banchina stazione Istria - Milano - 03.JPG
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates =
| line =
| other =
| structure = Underground
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2013|02|10|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| ADA = yes
| code =
| owned = [[Azienda Trasporti Milanesi]]
| zone = [[Sistema Tariffario Integrato del Bacino di Mobilità|STIBM]]: Mi1<ref>{{cite web |title=Rete metropolitana di Milano |url=https://giromilano.atm.it/images/schema_rete_metro.jpg |publisher=[[Azienda Trasporti Milanesi]] |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations |system= Milan Metro |line= Line 5 |left=Ca’ Granda|right=Marche}}
| map_locator =
| web =
}}
'''Istria''' is a station on [[Milan Metro Line 5|Line 5]] of the [[Milan Metro]].

== History ==
The works for the construction of the first section of [[Milan Metro Line 5|Line 5]], which includes Istria station, began in September 2007,<ref>[https://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/giornale/giornale/tutte+le+notizie/infrastrutture+lavori+pubblici/metro+5%2C+primo+viaggio+ufficiale Metro 5, primo viaggio ufficiale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303202551/https://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2Fgiornale%2Fgiornale%2Ftutte+le+notizie%2Finfrastrutture+lavori+pubblici%2Fmetro+5%2C+primo+viaggio+ufficiale |date=2014-03-03 }} Sito Comune di Milano</ref> and it was opened on 10 February 2013.<ref>[http://www.comune.milano.it/dseserver/metro_5/index.html Comune di Milano - Parte la metropolitana 5 lilla] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717190409/http://www.comune.milano.it/dseserver/metro_5/index.html |date=2013-07-17 }}</ref>

== Station structure ==
Istria is an underground station with two tracks in one tunnel and, like all the other stations on Line 5, is wheelchair accessible.

It is located under Piazzale [[Istria]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityrailways.it/linea5/ |title=iBinari + CityRailways - linea 5 |access-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210627/http://www.cityrailways.it/linea5/ |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Interchanges ==
Tram lines 5, 7 and 31 bus stops are located near the station.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Milan Metro Line 5 navbox}}

{{coord|45.5017|N|9.1978|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Line 5 (Milan Metro) stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Italy opened in 2013]]

{{Milan-metro-stub}}
{{Italy-railstation-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istria, Constanța

2024-03-27T06:55:36Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{about|the commune in Romania|the geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea|Istria|the asteroid|183 Istria}} {{Infobox Romanian subdivision |type = commune |county = Constanța |population_total = auto |image_map = Istria jud Constanta.jpg |map_caption = Location in Constanța County |subdivisions = Istria,...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{about|the commune in Romania|the geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea|Istria|the asteroid|183 Istria}}
{{Infobox Romanian subdivision
|type = commune
|county = Constanța
|population_total = auto
|image_map = Istria jud Constanta.jpg
|map_caption = Location in Constanța County
|subdivisions = Istria, Nuntași
|official_name=Istria
|image_shield=
|leader_name = Mihai Ionescu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final |title=Results of the 2020 local elections |publisher=Central Electoral Bureau |access-date=15 June 2021 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|leader_term = 2020–2024
|leader_party = PSD
|area_total_km2 = 170.53
|coordinates = {{coord|44|34|N|28|43|E|region:RO_type:city(3220)|display=inline,title}}
|website={{url|http://www.primaria-istria.ro}}
}}
'''Istria''' is a [[commune in Romania|commune]] in [[Constanța County]], [[Northern Dobruja]], [[Romania]].

It is located between the lower [[Danube]] and the [[Dobruja]] coast of the [[Black Sea]]. The ancient site of [[Histria (ancient city)|Histria]] is found nearby.

[[Süleyman Çelebi]] was murdered there in February 1411.

Villages in the Istria commune:
* Istria (historical names: ''Caranasuf'', {{lang-tr|Karanasuf}})
* Nuntași (historical names: ''Duingi'', {{lang-tr|Düğüncü}})

==Demographics==
At the 2011 census, Istria had 2,370 [[Romanians]] (99.54%), 6 [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]] (0.25%), 5 others (0.21%).<ref name="INSSE">{{cite web
|url=http://www.constanta.insse.ro/phpfiles/COMUNICAT_RPL_CONSTANTA.pdf
|title=Constanța County at the 2011 census
|date=February 2, 2012
|access-date=March 8, 2012
|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]
|language=ro
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324053940/http://www.constanta.insse.ro/phpfiles/COMUNICAT_RPL_CONSTANTA.pdf
|archive-date=March 24, 2012
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Constanța County}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istria, Constanta}}
[[Category:Communes in Constanța County]]
[[Category:Localities in Northern Dobruja]]

{{Constanța-geo-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istria

2024-03-27T06:55:32Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Peninsula on the Adriatic Sea}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Istria | native_name = {{native name|hr|Istra}} {{native name|sl|Istra}} {{native name|it|Istria}} | native_name_lang = | other_name = | image_shield = | image_flag = | flag_alt = |...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Peninsula on the Adriatic Sea}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Istria
| native_name = {{native name|hr|Istra}} {{native name|sl|Istra}} {{native name|it|Istria}}
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| image_shield =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_map = File:Istria.png
| settlement_type = Historical land
| subdivision_name = {{CRO}} {{SLO}} {{ITA}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| population_demonym = Istrian
| seat_type = Largest city
| seat = [[Pula]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
}}

'''Istria''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|t|r|i|ə}} {{respell|IST|ree|ə}}; [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Slovene language|Slovene]]: {{lang|hr|Istra}}; [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]]: {{lang|ruo|Istria}})<ref>{{lang-ist|Eîstria}}; [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]: {{lang|ruo|Istria}}; {{lang-la|Histria}}; {{lang-grc|Ἱστρία}})</ref> is the largest [[peninsula]] within the [[Adriatic Sea]]. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the [[Gulf of Trieste]] and the [[Kvarner Gulf]]. It is shared by three countries: [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], and [[Italy]],<ref name="Pope-Neubauer">Marcel Cornis-Pope, John Neubauer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5pAwqsSyTlsC&pg=PA364 ''History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe: junctures and disjunctures in the 19th And 20th Centuries''], John Benjamins Publishing Co. (2006), {{ISBN|90-272-3453-1}}</ref><ref name="Day-East-Thomas">Alan John Day, Roger East, Richard Thomas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dt2TXexiKTgC&pg=PA280 ''A political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe''], Routledge, 1sr ed. (2002), {{ISBN|1-85743-063-8}}</ref> with 90% of surface area being part of Croatia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographic data |url=https://www.istra-istria.hr/en/region-of-istria/general-information/geographic-data/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.istra-istria.hr}}</ref> Croatia encapsulates most of the Istrian peninsula within [[Istria County]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Istria |first=Croatia |date=2021-05-18 |title=Istria |url=https://croatia-istria.net/istria/istria/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=National Park Brijuni Excursions |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{See also|Geography of Croatia|Geography of Slovenia|Geography of Italy}}
{{One source|section|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Istria County OpenStreetMap.svg|right|thumb|Borders and roads in Istria]]
The geographical features of Istria include the [[Učka]]/Monte Maggiore [[mountain range]], which is the highest portion of the [[Ćićarija]]/Cicceria mountain range; the rivers [[Dragonja]]/Dragogna, [[Mirna (Croatia)|Mirna]]/Quieto, [[Pazinčica]], and [[Raša (river)|Raša]]; and the [[Lim (Croatia)|Lim]]/Canale di Leme bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (89%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being [[Istria County]] in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include [[Pula]]/Pola, [[Poreč]]/Parenzo, [[Rovinj]]/Rovigno, [[Pazin]]/Pisino, [[Labin]]/Albona, [[Umag]]/Umago, [[Motovun]]/Montona, [[Buzet]]/Pinguente, and [[Buje]]/Buie. Smaller towns in Istria County include [[Višnjan]]/Visignano, [[Roč]]/Rozzo, and [[Hum, Croatia|Hum]]/Colmo.

The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it is known as [[Slovenian Istria]], and includes the coastal municipalities of [[Piran]]/[[Pirano]], [[Izola]]/Isola, and [[Koper]]/Capodistria. It also includes the [[Kras Plateau|Karstic]] municipality of [[Hrpelje-Kozina]]/Erpelle-Cosina. {{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy.<ref name="Pope-Neubauer"/><ref name="Day-East-Thomas"/> This smallest portion of Istria consists of the ''[[comune]]s'' of [[Muggia]]/Milje and [[San Dorligo della Valle]]/Dolina with Santa Croce ([[Trieste]]) lying farthest to the north.

The ancient region of ''Histria'' extended over a much wider area, including the whole [[Karst Plateau]] with the southern edges of the [[Vipava Valley]]/Vipacco Valley, the southwestern portions of modern [[Inner Carniola]] with [[Postojna]]/Postumia and [[Ilirska Bistrica]]/Bisterza, and the Italian [[Province of Trieste]], but not the [[Liburnia]]n coast which was already part of [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Illyricum]].<ref>Leonhard Schmitz, [https://archive.org/details/amanualancientg00schmgoog/page/n142 ''A manual of ancient geography''], pg. 131, The British Library (2010), ISBN B003MNGWVI</ref>

==Name==
The name Istria (Ἰστρία) is derived from the river Ister (Ἴστρος) (modern [[Danube]]), because the Greeks erroneously believed, at the very early period, that one branch or arm of the Danube flowed into the Adriatic sea in that area. In addition, the Greeks called the inhabitants of the area Histri (Ἴστροι) and if this was their native name, it may have initially led the Greeks to assume their connection with the river Ister.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=istria-geo Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Istria]</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Istria}}

===Early history===
{{See also|March of Istria|Histri}}
[[File:Austrian Littoral 1897.jpg|thumb|right|[[Austrian Littoral]] in 1897]]
The name is derived from the '''Histri''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Ἱστρών έθνος}}) tribes, which [[Strabo]] refers to as living in the region and who are credited as being the builders of the hillfort settlements (castellieri). The Histri are classified in some sources as a "Venetic" [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] tribe with certain linguistic differences from other Illyrians.<ref>Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,{{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, page 183,"... We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians...."</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] described the Histri as a fierce tribe of pirates, protected by the difficult navigation of their rocky coasts. It took two military campaigns for the Romans to finally subdue them in 177 BC. The region was then called together with the Venetian part the X. Roman Region of "Venetia et Histria", the ancient definition of the northeastern border of Italy. [[Dante Alighieri]] refers to it as well, the eastern border of Italy per ancient definition is the river ''[[Raša (river)|Arsia]]''. The eastern side of this river was settled by people whose culture was different from Histrians. Earlier influence of the [[Iapodes]] was attested there, while at some time between the 4th and 1st century BC the [[Liburnians]] extended their territory and it became a part of [[Liburnia]].<ref>M. Blečić, Prilog poznavanju antičke Tarsatike, VAMZ, 3.s., XXXIV 65-122 (2001), UDK 904:72.032 (3:497.5), pages 70, 71</ref> On the northern side, Histria extended much further north and included the Italian city of Trieste.

Some scholars speculate that the names Histri and Istria are related to the Latin name Hister, or [[Danube]] (especially its lower course). Ancient folktales{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} reported —inaccurately— that the Danube split in two or "bifurcated" and came to the sea near [[Trieste]] as well as at the [[Black Sea]]. The story of the "bifurcation of the Danube" is part of the [[Argonaut]] legend. There is also a suspected link (but no historical documentation in support of it) to the commune of [[Istria, Constanța|Istria]] in Constanța, Romania which is named after the ancient city [[Histria (ancient city)|Histria]], named after River Hister.

In the [[Early Middle Ages]], Istria was conquered and occupied by the Goths. Ostrogoth coins were found in Istria, as well as the remains of some buildings. South of [[Poreč]] there are the remains of the church of Sv. Petar, erected in the 5th century (with a baptistery added later), which reportedly served the Arian eastern Goths ruling Istria.<ref name="sonje">{{cite book|last=Šonje|first=Ante|url=|title=Crkvena arhitektura (L'architettura sacra)|pages=45–49, 217, 270|publisher=|year=|isbn=}}</ref><ref name="Bratoz">{{cite book|last=Bratož|first=Rajko|url=|title=The development of the early Christian research in Slovenia and Istria between 1976 and 1986 [article] Lyon, Vienne, Grenoble, Genève, Aoste, 21-28 septembre 1986|page=2370|publisher=Publications de l'École Française de Rome |year=1989|isbn=}}</ref> Most notably, the Goths used [[Istrian stone]] to build their best known monument, the [[Mausoleum of Theodoric]] in [[Ravenna]]. In the following centuries, the peninsula was attacked and conquered by the [[Lombards]], often in conjunction with the Slavs, such as in 601.<ref name="coordinamento adriatico">{{cite web|last=Mengoli|first=Liliana Martissa|title=Alto Medioevo|url=http://www.coordinamentoadriatico.it/alto-medioevo/|website=Coordinamento Adriatico|date=7 March 2016 |access-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210311151446/http://www.coordinamentoadriatico.it/alto-medioevo/|archive-date=11 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the extent to which the Lombards occupied Istria is a matter of debate. After the Goths, Istria became part of the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]]. [[Gulfaris]], who served the Byzantines but was of Lombard descent, is reported as its dux in 599.<ref name="catholic church">{{cite web|title= Gregory's letter to Gulfaris at Catholic Culture|url= https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/fathers/view.cfm?recnum=3726|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Martyn">{{cite book|last=Martyn|first=John R. C|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wFPAgAAQBAJ|title=Pope Gregory's Letter-Bearers: A Study of the Men and Women who carried letters for Pope Gregory the Great|page=65|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-1-443-83918-1}}</ref>

[[Pope Gregory I]] in 600 wrote to bishop of [[Salona]] Maximus in which he expresses concern about arrival of the [[Slavs]], ''"Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor. Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt"'' (And as for the people of the Slavs who are really approaching you, I am very depressed and confused. I am depressed because I sympathize with you, confused because they over the Istria began to enter the Italy).<ref>Željko Rapanić; (2013) O početcima i nastajanju Dubrovnika (The origin and formation of Dubrovnik. additional considerations) p. 94; Starohrvatska prosvjeta, Vol. III No. 40, [https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=241899]</ref> Some ancient reporters, including Pope Gregory, who were unaware of the importance of the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] in the Balkans, used the terms "Slavs" to refer to the Avars or the Avaro-Slavs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curta |first1=Florin |title=The Making of the Slavs History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, C.500–700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC&pg=PA50 |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139428880 |page=50}}</ref>

After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the region was pillaged by the [[Goths]], the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], and the Avars.

The first [[History of Istria#Avaro-Slavic invasions and settlement|Avaro-Slavic invasion of Istria]] was recorded in 599. Another major incursion occurred around 600-602, in which all of Istria was devastated with fire and rapine. This was followed by the 611 invasion, the most devastating for the peninsula. It remains unclear when and how the first Slavic settlement occurred. Traces of early Slavic incursions and settlement are scarce.<ref name="Bekic"/> A few Avar findings have been discovered on the Istrian territory, chiefly around [[Nesactium]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Štih |first1=Peter |title=The Middle Ages Between the Eastern Alps and the Northern Adriatic |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004187702 |page=198}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Begic |first1=Vanesa |title=AVARI I SLAVENI JUŽNO OD DRAVE: Vitrina s dva avarska predmeta iz Arheološkog muzeja Istre |url=https://www.glasistre.hr/izlozbe/avari-i-slaveni-juzno-od-drave-vitrina-s-dva-avarska-predmeta-iz-arheoloskog-muzeja-istre-736459 |publisher=Glas Istre}}</ref> By 642 the Slavs were settled in the peninsula, as indicated by the mission of an abbot Martin, sent by [[Pope John IV]] to rescue captives held by the pagans in Istria and [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]].<ref name="Bekic">{{cite book |last1=Bekic |first1=Luka |title=The Early Medieval Between Pannonia and the Adriatic |date=2016 |publisher=Archaeological Museum of Istria |pages=1–301}}</ref>

After the barbaric invasions, the western part of Istria was annexed to the [[Kingdom of the Lombards|Lombard]] Kingdom in 751, and then annexed to the Frankish kingdom by [[Pepin of Italy]] in 789. In 804, the [[Placitum of Riziano]] was held in the Parish of Rižan ({{lang-la|Risanum}}), which was a meeting between the representatives of Istrian towns and castles and the deputies of [[Charlemagne]] and his son Pepin. The report about this judicial diet illustrates the changes accompanying the transfer of power from the Eastern Roman Empire to the [[Carolingian Empire]] and the discontent of the local residents.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Oto Luthar |title=The land between: a history of Slovenia |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-3-631-57011-1 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9tDboBJ70EC&pg=PA100}}</ref>

Afterwards it was successively controlled by the dukes of [[Carantania]], [[Merania]], [[Bavaria]] and by the [[patriarch of Aquileia]], before it became the territory of the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1267. The medieval [[Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)|Croatian kingdom]] held only the far eastern part of Istria (the border was near the river [[Raša (river)|Raša]]), but they lost it to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the late 11th century.

===Venetian Republic===
[[File:Serenissima.png|thumb|center|1000px|Map of Istria and [[Dalmatia]] with the ancient domains of the [[Republic of Venice]] (indicated in fuchsia. Dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally)]]

The coastal areas and cities of Istria came under Venetian Influence in the 9th century. On 15 February 1267, Parenzo was formally incorporated with the Venetian state.<ref>John Mason Neale, [https://archive.org/details/notese00neal/page/76 ''Notes Ecclesiological & Picturesque on Dalmatia, Croatia, Istria, Styria, with a visit to Montenegro''], pg. 76, J.T. Hayes - London (1861)</ref> Other coastal towns followed shortly thereafter. [[Bajamonte Tiepolo]] was sent away from Venice in 1310, to start a new life in Istria after his downfall. A description of the 16th-century Istria with a precise map was prepared by the Italian geographer [[Pietro Coppo]]. A copy of the map inscribed in stone can now be seen in the Pietro Coppo Park in the center of the town of [[Izola]] in southwestern [[Slovenia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://revitas.org/en/tourist-itineraries/historic-urban-cores/izola,18/izola,63.html |title=Historic Urban Cores: Izola |publisher=REVITAS – Revitalisation of the Istrian hinterland and tourism in the Istrian hinterland |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024533/http://revitas.org/en/tourist-itineraries/historic-urban-cores/izola,18/izola,63.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>

===Habsburg Monarchy (1797–1805)===
The Inner part of Istria around Mitterburg ([[Pazin]]) had been part of the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation|Holy Roman Empire]] for centuries, and more specifically part of the [[Habsburg monarchy|domains of the Austrian Habsburgs]] since the 14th century. In 1797, with the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]], the Venetian parts of the peninsula also passed to the Habsburg monarchy which became the [[Austrian Empire]] in 1804.<ref>Stephens, Henry Morse (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KDi0lUH_lWYC&pg=PA192 ''Revolutionary Europe, 1789–1815''], BiblioLife. p. 192. {{ISBN|0-559-25438-5}}.</ref>

===Napoleonic Era (1805–1814)===
The French victory of 1809 compelled Austria to cede a portion of its South Slav lands to France. Napoleon combined Istira, [[Carniola]], western [[Carinthia]], Gorica ([[Gorizia]]), [[Trieste]]. and parts of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik to form the [[Illyrian Provinces]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Illyrian Provinces {{!}} historical region, Europe {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Illyrian-Provinces |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Code Napoléon was introduced, and roads and schools were constructed. Local citizens were given administrative posts, and native languages were used to conduct official business.<ref name=":10" /> This sparked the [[Illyrian movement|Illyrian Movement]] for the cultural and linguistic unification of South Slavic lands.<ref name=":10" />

===Austrian Empire (1814–1918)===
{{Further|Istrian Italians|Italian irredentism in Istria}}
[[File:Litorale 1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
{{legend|#ffff00|The [[Austrian Littoral]], later renamed [[Julian March]], which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the [[Treaty of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]]}}
{{legend|#10FF20|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947}}
{{legend|#00fa9a|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the [[Treaty of Osimo]]}}
{{legend|#FFFF99|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty}}]]

After this seven-year period, the Austrian Empire regained Istria, which became part of the constituent [[Kingdom of Illyria (1816–49)|Kingdom of Illyria]]. This kingdom was broken up in 1849, after which Istria formed part of [[Austrian Littoral]], also known as the "Küstenland", which also included the city of Trieste and the [[Gorizia and Gradisca|Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca]] until 1918. At that time the borders of Istria included part of what is now Italian Venezia-Giulia and parts of modern-day Slovenia and Croatia, but not the city of Trieste.

Many [[Istrian Italians]] looked with sympathy towards the [[Risorgimento]] movement that fought for the unification of Italy.<ref name="corsadelricordo">{{cite web|url=http://www.corsadelricordo.it/la-storia|title=Trieste, Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia: una terra contesa|access-date=2 June 2021|language=it}}</ref> However, after the [[Third Italian War of Independence]] (1866), when the [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli]] regions were ceded by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom Italy]], Istria remained part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of [[Italian irredentism]] among many Italians in Istria, who demanded the unification of Istria with Italy. The Italians in Istria supported the Italian [[Italian unification|Risorgimento]]: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria,<ref name="ReferenceB">''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971</ref> fostering the nascent nationalism of Slovenes and Croats.<ref name=relazione.1>Relazione della Commissione storico-culturale italo-slovena, Relazioni italo-slovene 1880-1956, [http://www.kozina.com/premik/porita2.htm "Capitolo 1980-1918"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313025027/http://www.kozina.com/premik/porita2.htm |date=13 March 2018 }}, Capodistria, 2000</ref>

During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the [[Germanization]] or [[Slavization]] of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:<ref>''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, ''Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra'', Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)</ref>

{{blockquote|text=His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|South Tyrol]], [[Dalmatia]] and [[Austrian Littoral|Littoral]] for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.|author=|source=Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866<ref>{{cite book |author=Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop| title=Homo scribens: Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung | year= 1993 |isbn= 3484311347|page=279| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3tCTXoeAysC&pg=279}}</ref>}}

There are some claims, [[Istrian Italians]] were more than 50% of the total population of Istria for centuries,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/istrian-spring/|title=Istrian Spring|access-date=24 October 2022}}</ref> while making up about a third of the population in 1900.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Istria | volume= 14 | pages = 886–887 |short= 1}}</ref> With its strategic position at the southern tip of the peninsula and good harbor Pula was the primary base of the Austrian Navy.

A limited tension with the Austrian state did not in fact stop the rise of the use of the Italian language, in the second part of the 19th century, when the population of predominantly Italian-speaking towns in Istria had a significant rise: in the part of Istria that eventually became part of Croatia, the first Austrian census from 1846 found 34 thousand Italian speakers, alongside 120 thousand Croatian speakers (in the Austrian censuses, the ethnic composition of the population was not surveyed, only the main "language of use" of a person). By 1910, the proportion changed significantly: there were 108 thousand Italian speakers and 134 thousand Croatian speakers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Žerjavić|first=Vladimir|title=DOSELJAVANJA I ISELJAVANJA S PODRUČJA ISTRE, RIJEKE I ZADRA U RAZDOBLJU 1910-1971.|journal= Journal of Modern Italian Studies|year=2008|volume=13|issue=2 |pages=237–258|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/52845}}</ref> Vanni D'Alessio notes (2008), the Austrian surveys of the language of use "overestimated the diffusion of the socially dominant languages of the empire... The capacity of assimilation of the Italian language suggests that amongst those who declared themselves Italian speakers in Istria, there were people whose mother tongue was different." D'Alessio notes even members of the Austrian state bureaucracy and the members of their families with the German mother tongue tended to use Italian, after living in Istrian small towns long enough. The Poles, Czechs and Slovenes and Croats tended to join the "Slav" social group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D'Alessio|first=Vanni|title=From Central Europe to the northern Adriatic: Habsburg citizens between Italians and Croats in Istria|journal=Journal of Modern Italian Studies |year=2008|volume=13|issue=2 |pages=237–258|doi=10.1080/13545710802010990 |s2cid=145797119 | url=https://www.academia.edu/1265458}}</ref>

===Italy (1919–1947)===
{{See also|Italianisation#Istria, Julian March and Dalmatia|Julian March|Foibe massacres}}
Although a member of the [[Central Powers]], Italy remained neutral at the start of WWI, and soon launched secret negotiations with [[Triple Entente|the Triple Entente]], bargaining to participate in the war on its side, in exchange for significant territorial gains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cattaruzza |first=Marina |date=2011 |title=The Making and Remaking of a Boundary – the Redrafting of the Eastern Border of Italy after the two World Wars |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26265925 |journal=Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift für moderne europäische Geschichte / Revue d'histoire européenne contemporaine |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=66–86 |doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2011_1_66 |issn=1611-8944 |jstor=26265925 |s2cid=145685085|url-access=subscription }}</ref> To get Italy to join the war, the secret [[Treaty of London (1915)|1915 Treaty of London]] the Entente promised Italy Istria and parts of [[Dalmatia]], [[South Tyrol]], the Greek [[Dodecanese Islands]], parts of Albania and Turkey, plus more territory for Italy's North Africa colonies.

After the war, Italy annexed Istria. Istria's political and economic importance declined under Italian rule, and after the fascist takeover of Italy in 1922 the Italian government began a campaign of forced [[Italianization]]. In 1926, the use of Slavic languages in schools and government was banned, even Slavic family names were Italianized to suit the fascist authorities.<ref name="Minahan">{{cite book |last1=Minahan |first1=James |title=One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups |date=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313309847 |pages=340–341}}</ref> Slavic newspapers and libraries were closed, all Slavic cultural, sporting, business and political associations were banned. As a result, 100,000 Slavic-speakers left Italian-annexed areas in an exodus, moving mostly to Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dLib.si - Izseljevanje iz Primorske med obema vojnama |url=https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-JQ6XF18D |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=www.dlib.si}}</ref>

The organization [[TIGR]], founded in 1927 by young Slovene liberal nationalists from [[Goriška|Gorizia region]] and [[Trieste]] and regarded as the first armed [[antifascist]] resistance group in Europe<ref>{{cite web |author=Office of the President of the Republic of Slovenia |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/news/newsletter_slovenia_news/news/article/391/1482/ea264064ed/?tx_ttnews%5Bnewsletter%5D=58 |title=President Hails Heroism of Slovenian WWII Patriots |date=5 May 2010 |publisher=Government Communication Office |access-date=9 September 2010 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=SheriffIsInTown |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> soon penetrated into Slovene and Croatian-speaking parts of Istria.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawson |first=Andrew |date=2013 |title=Organizing Victory: The War Conferences 1941–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePgSDQAAQBAJ |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK |publisher=History Press |isbn=9780752489254}}</ref>

In World War II, Istria became a battleground of competing ethnic and political groups. Istrian nationalist groups which were pro-fascist and pro-Allied and Yugoslav-supported pro-communist groups fought with each other and the Italian army. After the German withdrawal in 1945, Yugoslav partisans gained the upper hand and began a violent purge of real or suspected opponents in an "orgy of revenge".<ref name=Minahan />

===SFR Yugoslavia (1947–1991)===
{{See also|Istrian–Dalmatian exodus|Morgan Line}}
After the end of [[World War II]], Istria was ceded to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], except for a small part in the northwest corner that formed Zone B of the provisionally independent [[Free Territory of Trieste]]; Zone B was under Yugoslav administration and after the ''[[de facto]]'' dissolution of the Free Territory in 1954 it was also incorporated into Yugoslavia. Only the small town of [[Muggia]], near [[Trieste]], being part of Zone A remained with Italy.<ref name="Pizzi">Katia Pizzi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-bGYecgxhusC&pg=PA25 ''A city in search of an author: the literacy identity of Trieste''], pg. 23, Sheffield Academic Press (2002), {{ISBN|1-84127-284-1}}</ref>
[[File:SlovenianIstriaLocationMap.png|thumb|right|Location map of [[Slovenian Istria]]]]
The events of the period are visible in [[Pula]]. The city, located on the southernmost tip of the Istrian peninsula, had an [[Istrian Italians|Istrian Italian]] majority. Between December 1946 and September 1947, a large proportion of the city's inhabitants were [[Istrian exodus|forced to emigrate to Italy]].<ref name="Pizzi"/> Most of them left in the immediate aftermath of the signing of the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaty]] on February 10, 1947 which granted Pula and the greater part of Istria to Yugoslavia.

===After the breakup of Yugoslavia (after 1991)===
The division of Istria between Croatia and Slovenia runs on the former republic borders, which were not precisely defined in the former Yugoslavia. [[Croatia–Slovenia border disputes|Various points of contention remain unresolved between the two countries]] regarding the precise line of the border.<ref>Julio Aramberri, Richard Butler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0qW5phGiLNUC&pg=PA195 ''Tourism Development'', pg. 195]</ref>

It became an international boundary with the independence of both countries from Yugoslavia in 1991. Since [[Croatia]]'s first multi-party elections in 1990, the regionalist party [[Istrian Democratic Assembly]] (IDS-DDI, ''Istarski demokratski sabor'' or ''Dieta democratica istriana'') has consistently received a majority of the vote and maintained through the 1990s a position often contrary to the government in [[Zagreb]], led by the then nationalistic party [[Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ, ''Hrvatska demokratska zajednica''), with regards to decentralization in Croatia and certain facets of [[region]]al [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]]. The Istrian regionalist movement is known as [[Istrianism]].

However, that changed in 2000 when the IDS formed with five other parties a left-centre coalition government, led by the [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]] (SDP, ''Socijaldemokratska Partija Hrvatske''). After the reformed HDZ won the Croatian parliamentary elections in late 2003 and formed a minority government, the IDS has cooperated with the state government on many projects, both local (in [[Istria County]]) and national. Since Slovenia's accession to the [[European Union]] and the [[Schengen Area]], customs and immigration checks have been abolished at the Italian-Slovenian border.

==Demographic history==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
The region has traditionally been ethnically mixed. Under [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian rule]] in the 19th century it included a large population of [[Italians]], [[Croats]], and [[Slovenes]] as well as some [[Istro-Romanians]], [[Serbs]],<ref>see also Census 2001</ref> and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]]; however, official statistics in those times did not show those nationalities as they do today.

In 1910, the ethnic and linguistic composition was completely mixed. According to the Austrian census results, out of 404,309 inhabitants in Istria, 168,116 (41.6%) spoke [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], 147,416 (36.5%) spoke [[Italian language|Italian]], 55,365 (13.7%) spoke [[Slovene language|Slovene]], 13,279 (3.3%) spoke [[German language|German]], 882 (0.2%) spoke [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], 2,116 (0.5%) spoke other languages, and 17,135 (4.2%) were non-citizens, which had not been asked for their language of communication. During the last decades of the [[Habsburg]] dynasty the coast of Istria profited from tourism within the Empire. Generally speaking, Italians lived on the western coast and in the inland cities of northern Istria, while Croats lived on the eastern coast and in the eastern and southeastern inland parts of the countryside.

In the second half of the 19th century a clash of new [[ideology|ideological]] movements, [[Italian irredentism]] (which claimed Trieste and Istria), Slovene [[nationalism]], and Croatian nationalism (developing individual identities in some quarters while seeking to unite in a Southern Slav identity in others) resulted in growing ethnic conflict between Italians on one side and Slovenes and Croats on the other side. This was intertwined with class conflict, as inhabitants of Istrian towns were mostly Italian, while [[Croats]] and [[Slovenes]] largely lived out in the eastern countryside.

The Croatian word for the Istrians is ''Istrani'', or ''Istrijani'', the latter being in the local [[Chakavian dialect]]. The term ''Istrani'' is also used in Slovenia. The Italian word for the Istrians is ''Istriani'' and today the Italian minority is organized in many towns.<ref>[http://www.unione-italiana.hr Italian Istria infosite] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009105737/http://www.unione-italiana.hr/ |date=2014-10-09 }}, unione-italiana.hr; accessed 4 August 2015.</ref> The Istrian county in Croatia is bilingual, as are large parts of Slovenian Istria. Every citizen has the right to speak either Italian or Croatian (Slovene in Slovenian Istria and Italian in the town of Koper/Capodistria, Piran/Pirano, Portorož/Portorose, and Izola/Isola d'Istria) in public administration or in court. Furthermore, Istria is a supranational European Region that includes Italian, Slovenian and Croatian Istria.

===Ethnicity===
{{Further|Istrian Italians}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Istria census 1910.PNG|thumb|right|190px|Percentage of people who used Italian as a "language of daily use" in Istria ([[Istrian Italians]]) in 1910<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reDuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia|first=Rebekah|last=Klein-Pejšová|date=12 February 2015|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253015624|access-date=4 May 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>]]
Discussions about Istrian ethnicity often use the words "Italian", "Croatian", and "Slovene" to describe the character of the Istrian people. However these terms are best understood as "national affiliations" that may exist in combination with or independently of linguistic, cultural and historical attributes. In the Istrian context, for example, the word "Italian" can just as easily refer to [[autochthonous language|autochthonous]] speakers of the [[Venetian language]] whose antecedents in the region extend before the inception of the [[Venetian Republic]] or to the [[Istriot language]] the oldest spoken language in Istria, dated back to the Romans, today spoken in the southwest of Istria. It can also refer to Istrian Croats who adopted the veneer of [[Italian culture]] as they moved from rural to urban areas, or from the farms into the bourgeoisie.

Similarly, national powers claim Istrian Croats according to local language, so that speakers of [[Chakavian dialect|Čakavian]] and [[Shtokavian dialect|Štokavian]] dialects of [[Croatian language|Croatian]] are considered to be Croatians while speakers of other dialects may be considered to be Slovene. Croatian dialect speakers are descendants of the refugees of the Turkish invasion and [[Ottoman Empire]] of [[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]] and [[Dalmatia]] in the 16th century.

The government of the [[Republic of Venice]] had settled them in Inner Istria, which had been devastated by wars and plague. As with other regions, the local dialects of the Croatian communities vary greatly across close distances. The Istrian Croatian and Italian vernaculars had both developed for many generations before being divided as they are today. This meant that Croats/Slovenes on the one side and Venetians/other Italians on the other side yielded to each other culturally while simultaneously distancing themselves from members of their ethnic groups living farther away.

Another important Istrian community are the [[Istro-Romanians]] in the south and north of the Učka mountain range of Istria. A small [[Albanians|Albanian]] community, which until the late 19th century spoke the [[Istrian Albanian]] dialect is also present in the peninsula.

====Austro-Hungarian census====
According to Austro-Hungarian censuses, which recorded language instead of ethnicity, the composition of Istria (i.e. the [[March of Istria#Habsburg Margraviate|Habsburg Magraviate of Istria)]] was as follows (in thousands):

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
!Language
! 1846<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Žerjavić |first=Vladimir |date=1993-07-01 |title=DOSELJAVANJA I ISELJAVANJA S PODRUČJA ISTRE, RIJEKE I ZADRA U RAZDOBLJU 1910-1971. |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/33185 |journal=Društvena istraživanja: časopis za opća društvena pitanja |language=hr |volume=2 |issue=4-5 (6-7) |pages=649 |issn=1330-0288}}</ref>
! 1890<ref name=":1" />
! 1910<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank |title=Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919 |access-date=2020-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529164005/http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank |archive-date=2013-05-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Croatian || 122 (56.7%)|| 123 (42.4%) || 168 (43.5%)
|-
| Italian || 59 (27.4%)|| 111 (38.3%) || 148 (38.1%)
|-
| Slovenian || 32 (14.9%)|| 41 (14.1%) || 55 (14.3%)
|-
| German || n.a.|| 15 (5.2%) || 13 (3.3%)
|}

====Recent census====
The 2001 population census counted 23 languages spoken by the people of Istria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Istria on the Internet – Demography – 2001 Census |url=http://www.istrianet.org/istria/demography/2001_tongues.htm |access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Croatian Census 2011|E|18}}</ref> In 2021 Census show that 76.40% are Croats, Italians were 5.01%, 2.96% were Serbs, 2.48% Bosniaks, 1.05% were Albanians, while regionally declared were 5.13%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Popis 2021. |trans-title=Census 2021 |url=https://popis2021.hr/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Državni zavod za statistiku |language=hr |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062703/https://www.popis2021.hr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The data for Slovenian Istria is not as neatly organized, but the 2002 Slovenian census indicates that the four Istrian municipalities ([[Izola]]/Isola d'Istria, [[Piran]]/Pirano, [[Koper]]/Capodistria, Ankaran/Ancarano) had a total of 56,482 Slovenes, 6,426 Croats, and 2,800 Italians.<ref>[http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati_slovenija_prebivalstvo_dz.htm Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527081920/http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati_slovenija_prebivalstvo_dz.htm |date=2009-05-27 }}, Population Census 2002 results, stat.si; accessed 4 August 2015.</ref>

The small town of [[Peroj]] has had a unique history which exemplifies the multi-ethnic complexity of the history of the region, as do some villages on both sides of the Učka that are still identified with the Istro-Romanian people which the [[UNESCO]] Redbook of Endangered Languages calls "the smallest ethnic group in Europe".<ref>{{cite web |last=Salminen |first=Tapani |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html |title=UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages |year=1999 |publisher=Helsinki.fi |access-date=9 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822044207/http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html |archive-date=22 August 2012 }}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Pula-avion.JPG|Aerial picture of [[Pula]]/Pola (Croatia)
File:Porec riva.jpg|The promenade of [[Poreč]]/Parenzo (Croatia)
File:Rovinj.jpg|[[Rovinj]]/Rovigno, as seen from the bell tower of the church of Saint Eufemia (Croatia)
File:Motovun aerial view.jpg|[[Motovun]]/Montona (Croatia)
File:Lim canal.jpg|[[Lim (Croatia)|Lim]] canal (Croatia)
File:Koper Praetorian Palace.jpg|The [[Praetorian Palace]]/Palazzo Pretorio in [[Koper]]/Capodistria (Slovenia)
File:Piran - overview.jpg|Old town of [[Piran]]/Pirano (Slovenia)
File:Muggia z001.JPG|Port in [[Muggia]] (Italy)
File:Istarska narodna nošnja.2.jpg|Traditional folk costume of Istrian Croats
File:Vineyards of Istria (Croatia).jpg|Vineyards of Istria
</gallery>

== Major towns and municipalities of Istria ==
This list includes towns and municipalities of Istria with populations estimated to be higher than 8,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Istra (County, Croatia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/croatia/admin/18__istra/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>

* [[Koper]]/Capodistria
* [[Pula]]/Pola
* [[Poreč]]/Parenzo
* [[Rovinj]]/Rovigno
* [[Izola]]/Isola
* [[Umag]]/Umago
* [[Muggia]]/Milje
* [[Labin]]/Albona
* [[Pazin]]/Pisino

==See also==
{{Portal|Croatia}}
* [[Castellieri culture]]
* [[List of Istrians]]
* [[March of Istria]]
* [[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]]
* [[Istrian Italians]]
* ''[[Acta Histriae]]''

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| last = Ashbrook
| first = John
| date = December 2005
| title = Self-perceptions, denials, and expressions: Istrianity in a nationalizing Croatia, 1990-1997
| journal = [[Nationalities Papers]]
| volume = 33
| issue = 4
| pages = 459–487
| doi = 10.1080/00905990500353923
| s2cid = 143942069
}}
* Luigi Tomaz, ''Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia. Duemila anni di storia'', Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve 2008.
* Luigi Tomaz, ''In Adriatico nel secondo millennio'', Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010.
* Louis François Cassas "Travels in Istria and Dalmatia, drawn up from the itinerary of L. F. Cassas" Eng trans. from 1802 Fr pub.

==External links==
{{commons|Istria}}
{{wikivoyage|Istria}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Istria |volume=14 |short=x}}
* [http://istrianet.org/index.html Istria on the Internet (a non-commercial, non-political, cultural site)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100526075849/http://www.istriadalmaziacards.com/html/collezioni_geo_a.php?IDArea=1 Old postcards of Istria]
* [http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/ A Brief History of Istria / Darko Darovec]
* [http://www.kozina.com/premik/1910.htm Results of Austrian Census on Dec. 31st, 1910] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314131809/http://www.kozina.com/premik/1910.htm |date=2018-03-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160716093409/http://www.istra.net/en/humana Istrian cultural heritage. Bukaleta Kazun, wall paintings]
* [https://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=1-tKAQAAIAAJ Travels in Istria and Dalmatia: drawn up from the itinerary of L. F. Cassas] on [[Google Books]]

{{Geographical regions of Croatia}}
{{Croatia topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Coord|45|15|40|N|13|54|16|E|region:HR_type:landmark|display=title}}



{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Istria| ]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Croatia]]
[[Category:Geography of Italy]]
[[Category:Geography of Europe]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Austrian Littoral]]
[[Category:Former states and territories in Slovenia]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istres Provence Handball

2024-03-27T06:55:25Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|French handball club}} {{refimprove|date=January 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox handball club | clubname = '''Istres Provence Handball''' | image = 180px | fullname = Istres Provence Handball | short name = | founded = {{start date and age|1970}} | ground = Halle polyvalente |...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|French handball club}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox handball club
| clubname = '''Istres Provence Handball'''
| image = [[File:Istres Provence handball club.png|180px]]
| fullname = Istres Provence Handball
| short name =
| founded = {{start date and age|1970}}
| ground = Halle polyvalente
| capacity = 2,000
| chairman = Alain Felzen
| manager = [[:fr:Gilles Derot|Gilles Derot]]
| league = [[LNH Division 2]]
| season = [[2022–23 LNH Division 1|2022–23]]
| position = LNH Division 1, 15th of 16 (relegation)
| website = https://www.istreshandball.com/
| colour1 = purple
| colour2 = white
| pattern_la1 = _IstresPH2122h
| pattern_b1 = _IstresPH2122h
| pattern_ra1 = _IstresPH2122h
| pattern_sh1 = _IstresPH2122h
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| pattern_la2 = _IstresPH2122a
| pattern_b2 = _IstresPH2122a
| pattern_ra2 = _IstresPH2122a
| pattern_sh2 = _IstresPH2122a
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
}}

'''Istres Provence Handball''' is a [[handball]] club from [[Istres]], [[France]]. Currently, Istres Provence Handball competes in the [[LNH Division 2|French Second League of Handball]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lnh.fr/lidl-starligue/classement|title=Classement|website=lnh.fr|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

{{location map+|France
|float=right
|width=261
|alt=Location of Istres Provence Handball
|caption=Location of Istres Provence Handball
|places=
{{Location map~|France|France|lat=43.51510|long=4.98950|label=Istres|position=right}}
}}

==Crest, colours, supporters==

===Naming history===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
|-
! style="color:white; background:#30103E"|Name
! style="color:white; background:#30103E"|Period
|-
|align=left|''Istres Sports''
| 1970–2003
|-
|align=left|''Istres Ouest Provence Handball''
| 2003–2016
|-
|align=left|''Istres Provence Handball''
| 2016–present
|}

===Kits===

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:65%"
!colspan=5 ! style="color:white; background:#30103E"| HOME
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _juve1112t2
| pattern_b = _juve1112tr2
| pattern_ra = _juve1112t2
| pattern_sh = _nikewhite
| pattern_so = _nikeblack
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts = 000000
| socks =
|title = [[File:Logo NIKE.svg|27px]] 2012-13
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _thinborderonwhite
| pattern_b = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra = _thinborderonwhite
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 600080
| body = 600080
| rightarm = 600080
| shorts = 600080
| socks =
|title = [[File:Kempa_(Marke)_Logo.svg|28px]] 2017-18
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _IstresPH2021h
| pattern_b = _IstresPH2021h
| pattern_ra = _IstresPH2021h
| pattern_sh = _IstresPH2021h
| pattern_so =
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts =
| socks =
|title = [[File:Kempa_(Marke)_Logo.svg|28px]] 2020-21
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _IstresPH2122h
| pattern_b = _IstresPH2122h
| pattern_ra = _IstresPH2122h
| pattern_sh = _IstresPH2122h
| pattern_so =
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts =
| socks =
|title = [[File:Kempa_(Marke)_Logo.svg|28px]] 2021-
}}
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:65%"
!colspan=5 ! style="color:white; background:#30103E"| AWAY
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _caen1112a
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh = _nikeblack
| pattern_so = _nikeblack
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts =
| socks =
|title = [[File:Logo NIKE.svg|27px]] 2011-12
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _juve1112t1
| pattern_b = _juve1112tr1
| pattern_ra = _juve1112t1
| pattern_sh = _nikeblack
| pattern_so = _nikeblack
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts =
| socks =
|title = [[File:Logo NIKE.svg|27px]] 2012-13
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _whiteborder
| pattern_b = _transparentcollar_on_white
| pattern_ra = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 600080
| body = 600080
| rightarm = 600080
| shorts =
| socks =
|title = [[File:Kempa_(Marke)_Logo.svg|28px]] 2017–18
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _IstresPH2021a
| pattern_b = _IstresPH2021a
| pattern_ra = _IstresPH2021a
| pattern_sh = _IstresPH2021a
| pattern_so =
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts =
| socks =
|title = [[File:Kempa_(Marke)_Logo.svg|28px]] 2020-21
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _IstresPH2122a
| pattern_b = _IstresPH2122a
| pattern_ra = _IstresPH2122a
| pattern_sh = _IstresPH2122a
| pattern_so =
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts =
| socks =
|title = [[File:Kempa_(Marke)_Logo.svg|28px]] 2021-
}}
|}

== Team ==
=== Current squad ===

:''Squad for the 2022–23 season''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istreshandball.com/fr/equipe-pro/joueurs-staffs|title = Joueurs & staffs}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;" width=50%
|-
! colspan=5 style="background-color:#30103E;color:white;text-align:center;"|[[File:Istres Provence handball club.png|50x50px]] Istres Provence Handball
|-
|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Goalkeepers
* 12 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Bonnat]]
* 33 {{flagicon|SPA}} [[:es:Xoan Manuel Ledo|Xoan Manuel Ledo]]
* 70 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Clément Gaudin]]
;Left Wingers
* 25 {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Marko Nikolic (handballer)|Marko Nikolic]]
* 77 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arthur Jund]]
;Right Wingers
*{{0}}8 {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Thomas Bortoli]]
* 10 {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Rasmus Nielsen (handballer)|Rasmus Nielsen]]
;Line players
* 32 {{flagicon|ITA}} [[:fr:Andrea Parisini|Andrea Parisini]]
* 27 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jotham Mandiangu]]
* 68 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Edgar Dentz|Edgar Dentz]]
{{Col-2}}
;Left Backs
*{{0}}6 {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Oliver Eggert]]
* 11 {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Messaoud Berkous]]
* 13 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lubin Gensoulen]]
* 26 {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Lukas Simėnas]]
;Central Backs
* 18 {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Henrik Olsson (handballer)|Henrik Olsson]]
* 76 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Vanegue]]
;Right Backs
*{{0}}7 {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Alejandro Márquez (handballer)|Alejandro Márquez]]
* 17 {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Raphaël Kotters]]
{{Col-end}}
|}

===Technical staff===
* Head Coach: {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Gilles Derot|Gilles Derot]]

===Transfers===
''Transfers for the 2022–23 season:''
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
;[[File:Arrow-up.png]] Joining
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[:es:Xoan Manuel Ledo|Xoan Ledo]] (GK) ''(from {{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Bidasoa|Bidasoa Irún]])''
* {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Alejandro Márquez Coloma]] (RB) ''(from {{flagicon|SPA}} [[BM Granollers]])''
* {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Oliver Nøddesbo Eggert]] (LB) ''(from {{flagicon|DEN}} [[SønderjyskE Håndbold]])''
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Vanegue]] (CB) ''(to {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Jeunesse sportive de Cherbourg|JS Cherbourg]])
{{col-2}}
;[[File:Arrow-down.gif]] Leaving
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Guillaume Crépain]] (CB) (retires)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arnaud Tabarand]] (GK) ''(to {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cesson Rennes MHB]])''
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Andréa Guillaume]] (RW) ''(to {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Limoges Handball]])''
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Oussama Hosni]] (RB) ''(to {{flagicon|MKD}} [[RK Eurofarm Pelister]])''
* {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Jakob Mikkelsen]] (RB) ''(to {{flagicon|POR}} [[FC Porto (handball)|FC Porto]])''
* {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Juan José Fernández]] (LB) ''(to {{flagicon|SPA}} [[BM Ciudad Encantada]])''
{{col-end}}

== Honors ==
*'''[[Coupe de la Ligue Française (handball)|Coupe de la Ligue]]:''' 1
::''Winner'' : 2009

*'''[[LNH Division 2]]:''' 2
::''Champion'' : 1995, 2018

==Former club members==

===Notable former players===
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Théo Derot]] (2014–2015, 2019)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Frédéric Dole|Frédéric Dole]] (1999-2004)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christian Gaudin (handballer)|Christian Gaudin]] (1995–1997)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Yann Genty]] (2010–2012)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Vincent Gérard]] (2008-2010)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Samuel Honrubia]] (2021-)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Frédéric Louis|Frédéric Louis]] (1998-2000)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bruno Martini (handballer)|Bruno Martini]] (1994-1995)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Olivier Maurelli|Olivier Maurelli]] (2000–2002)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Sébastien Mongin|Sébastien Mongin]] (2000–2004)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Laurent Munier]] (1996-1997)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Raoul Prandi]] (1998-2000)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[:fr:Luc Tobie|Luc Tobie]] (2009–2012)
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[:fr:Omar Benali|Omar Benali]] (2008-2009)
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Messaoud Berkous]] (2021-)
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Sassi Boultif]] (2008-2012)
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Hichem Daoud]] (2016-2021)
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Hichem Kaabeche]] (2016–2017)
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[:fr:Tahar Labane|Tahar Labane]] (2000–2008)
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[:fr:Abdelkader Rahim|Abdelkader Rahim]] (2015–2016)
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Gonzalo Carou]] (2014-2015)
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Federico Matías Vieyra]] (2012–2015)
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Thomas Bauer (handballer)|Thomas Bauer]] (2015-2016)
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[:fr:Thomas Bolaers|Thomas Bolaers]] (2009-2010)
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[:fr:Bram Dewit|Bram Dewit]] (2013-2014)
* {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Erwin Feuchtmann]] (2018-2019)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zlatko Saračević]] (1995-1997)
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[:fr:David Juříček|David Juříček]] (2003-2004)
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[:de:Tomáš Řezníček|Tomáš Řezníček]] (2012–2014)
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Štochl]] (2004-2006)
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[:de:Jiří Vítek|Jiří Vítek]] (2004-2007)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[:fr:Andrea Parisini|Andrea Parisini]] (2019-)
* {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Ingars Dude]] (2013-2015)
* {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Vasko Ševaljević]] (2019-2021)
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Alexandru Dedu]] (1996-1997)
* {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Ibrahima Diaw]] (2009-2011)
* {{flagicon|SLO}} [[:de:Aljoša Rezar|Aljoša Rezar]] (2013-2014)
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[:fr:Nebojša Stojinović|Nebojša Stojinović]] (2001-2004)
* {{flagicon|SRB}}{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Stefan Vujić]] (2014-2015)
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandar Stojanović (handballer)]] (2018-2019)
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Kamel Alouini]] (2008-2010)
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[:fr:Mehdi Harbaoui|Mehdi Harbaoui]] (2014-2020)
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Oussama Hosni]] (2019-2022)
{{div col end}}

===Former coaches===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="color:white; background:#30103E"|Seasons !! style="color:white; background:#30103E"|Coach !! style="color:white; background:#30103E"|Country
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2000–2004
| style="text-align: center" | [[:fr:Gilles Derot|Gilles Derot]]
| style="text-align: center" | {{flagicon|FRA}}
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2004–2006
| style="text-align: center" | [[Jan Bašný]]
| style="text-align: center" | {{flagicon|CZE}}
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2006–2007
| style="text-align: center" | [[:fr:Gilles Derot|Gilles Derot]]
| style="text-align: center" | {{flagicon|FRA}}
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2007–2013
| style="text-align: center" | [[Christophe Mazel]]
| style="text-align: center" | {{flagicon|FRA}}
|-
| style="text-align: center" | 2013-
| style="text-align: center" | [[:fr:Gilles Derot|Gilles Derot]]
| style="text-align: center" | {{flagicon|FRA}}
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.istreshandball.com/}}
* {{facebook|istresprovencehandball}}

{{Ligue Nationale de Handball}}
{{Handball in France}}

[[Category:Handball clubs in France]]
[[Category:Sport in Bouches-du-Rhône]]
[[Category:Handball clubs established in 1970]]

{{Handball-team-stub}}
{{France-sport-team-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istres-Le Tubé Air Base

2024-03-27T06:55:19Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|French Air Force base near Istres, Bouches-du-Rhone, France}} {{Infobox airport | name = Istres-Le Tubé Air Base | ensign = 50px | nativename = Base aérienne 125 Istres (BA 125) {{smaller|Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) Y-17}} | image = Istres_BA125_Landsat.png | image-width = 250 | caption = Landsat...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|French Air Force base near Istres, Bouches-du-Rhone, France}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Istres-Le Tubé Air Base
| ensign = [[File:Roundel of France.svg|50px]]
| nativename = Base aérienne 125 Istres (BA 125) {{smaller|Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) Y-17}}
| image = Istres_BA125_Landsat.png
| image-width = 250
| caption = [[Landsat 5]] satellite image - false color infrared
| image2 = QIE AIRPORT ISTRES LFMI (31462813993).jpg
| image2-width = 250
| caption2 = Aerial photo of Istres Air Base
| IATA = QIE
| ICAO = LFMI
| type = Military
| owner = [[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]
| operator = [[French Air and Space Force|Armée de l'air et de l'espace]]
| location = [[Istres]], [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], France
| elevation-f = 162
| elevation-m = 49
| coordinates = {{Coord|43|31|28|N|4|56|30|E|region:FR_type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| pushpin_map = Europe#France#France Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Istres-Le Tubé Air Base
| pushpin_label = '''LFMI'''
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_relief = y
| built =
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 15/33
| r1-length-m = 5,000
| r1-surface = Asphalt
| footnotes = Source: [[DAFIF]]<ref name="WAD">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071321/http://www.worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=LFMI Airport information for LFMI]}} from [[DAFIF]] (effective October 2006)</ref><ref name="GCM">{{GCM|QIE|source=DAFIF}}</ref>
}}

'''Istres-Le Tubé Air Base''' ({{lang-fr|Base Aérienne 125}} or '''BA 125''') is a large multi-role tasked [[French Air and Space Force]] base located near [[Istres]], northwest of [[Marseille]], France. The airport facilities are also known as '''Istres - Le Tubé''' ([[ICAO airport code]]: LFMI).

==Operational units and uses==

===French Air and Space Force===

The user of the base is the [[French Air and Space Force]] with several operational units on the base, including:
* [[Escadron de Ravitaillement en Vol et de Transport 1/31 Bretagne]]<ref name="CCD">{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/air/presentation/chiffres-cles/chiffres-cles-de-l-armee-de-l-air|title=Chiffres clés de l'Armée de l'air - L'Armée de l'air en chiffres : 2019-2020 (FR)|publisher=French Air and Space Force|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Escadron de Ravitaillement en Vol 4/31 Sologne]]<ref name="CCD"/>
* DAMS 11.004 (''Dépôt atelier de munitions spéciales'') or [[Special ammunition storage]], responsible for the hardened storage of the nuclear mid-range [[Air-Sol Moyenne Portée]] ASMP-A missiles to be used by fighter squadron 2/4 in its deterrent role.<ref name="senat">{{cite web
| date = 24 November 2005
| url = http://www.senat.fr/rap/a05-102-6/a05-102-616.html
| title = Appendix 2: List of Airbases and Their Principal Activities
| work = 2006 Finance Bill: Defense - Air Forces
| publisher = French Senate
| access-date = 2006-12-09
|language=fr}}</ref>
* Air defence squadron 01.950 responsible for the base air defense.
* 25th Air Engineer Regiment<ref name="CCD"/>
* Guard detachment ([[Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air]]) responsible for the base security and ground defences.

===Other uses===
The base also hosts a helicopter squadron and a large repair and training facility. In addition, it also includes [[EPNER]] (École du Personnel Navigant d’Essais et de Réception); test facilities for [[Délégation Générale pour l'Armement|DGA]] Essais en vol, [[Dassault Aviation]], [[SNECMA]], [[Thales Group|Thales]] and some aeronautical units of the [[French Navy]]. More than 5,000 personnel work on the base.

Secondary users occasionally include the [[United States Air Force]] (USAF), during Allied operations engaging United States and France. During [[Operation Allied Force]], USAF [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker]]s and [[Lockheed U-2]]s operated out of the base. Istres was the home of U-2 detachment OL-FR (Operating Location-FRance).<ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-769655.html, Washington Post, January 6, 1996</ref> Istres was also designated by [[NASA]] as a contingency landing site for the [[Space Shuttle]] in the case of a [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Intact abort modes|Transoceanic Abort Landing]] (TAL).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=17044|title=France to assist NASA with the future launches of the Space Shuttle|access-date=2009-09-27}}</ref> The base's runway is {{convert|3750|m|ft}} long and {{convert|60|m|ft}} wide. An additional overrun area {{convert|1200|m|ft}} long was built for Airbus Industries in 1992. It has the same characteristics as the runway, making it the longest runway in Western Europe and thus suited to Shuttle landings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ba125.air.defense.gouv.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=164&Itemid=211 |title=Caractéristiques |access-date=2012-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723222555/http://www.ba125.air.defense.gouv.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=164&Itemid=211 |archive-date=2012-07-23 }}</ref>

==World War II==
Built prior to [[World War II]], Istres Air Base was first used by the French Air Force during the early part of the war, and after the 1940 [[Battle of France]] and the June Armistice with [[Nazi Germany]], became part of the limited ({{lang-fr|Armée de l'Air de Vichy}}) air force of the [[Vichy France|Vichy Government]]. It was attacked on several missions by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombers based in England while under German control after November 1942. It was seized by Allied forces during [[Operation Dragoon]], the Invasion of Southern France in August 1944 and was repaired and placed into operational use by the [[United States Army Air Forces]] XII Engineer Command, being turned over to [[Twelfth Air Force]] on 27 August 1944.

The airfield was designated by the Americans as '''Istres/Le Tubé Airfield''' or '''[[Advanced Landing Ground]] Y-17'''. It was also given the AAF designation of '''USAAF Station 196'''. Twelfth Air Force initially assigned the [[324th Fighter Group]] to the airfield on 2 September, with [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt]]s. However the 324th only remained a few days before moving forward to [[Ambérieu-en-Bugey Air Base|Amberieu]] on 6 September.

The main USAAF use of Istres was by the [[64th Troop Carrier Group]], which operated [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] transports from the airfield from September to November 1944. When the combat units moved north into eastern France, Istres was used by [[Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)|Air Transport Command]] as a transshipment point for supplies and Allied personnel, being administratively controlled by the 1411th Army Air Force Base Unit.

With the end of the war, the Americans used Istres as a staging point between [[Allied-occupied Germany|Occupied Germany]] and [[Morocco]] for air transport of personnel back to the United States. It was returned to full French control in October 1945.<ref>{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
* Maurer, Maurer. ''Air Force Combat Units of World War II''. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402}}
* Johnson, David C. (1988), U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO), D-Day to V-E Day; Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
</ref>

Sometime after World War II, until May 1958, Base Aérienne 125 was host to the [[Royal Air Force]] Liaison Party, that serviced transient British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] military aircraft staging to and from the United Kingdom. In May 1958, the Royal Air Force Liaison Party, moved to Base Aérienne 115 [[Orange-Caritat Air Base|Orange-Caritat]] where it continued into the early 1960s.

==Incidents==

On 31 March 1992, [[Trans-Air Service Flight 671]], a [[Boeing 707]], made an [[emergency landing]] at Istres after engines 3 and 4 had separated from the wing in [[turbulence]] at {{convert|35,000|ft}}. The aircraft performed a [[Flap (aeronautics)|flapless]], [[downwind]] landing with a touch-down speed of nearly {{convert|200|knots}} and the right wing on fire from the pouring fuel. The gear failed and the aircraft slid off the far end of the [[runway]], but the crew of five survived and the cargo was saved. The incident brought to light severe deficiencies in [[Kabo Air]]'s operations — the aircraft had passed mandatory maintenance and was overloaded.
<ref name="Transair671-transcript">{{cite web
| url = http://www.tailstrike.com/310392.htm
| title = "31 March 1992 - Transair 671" (transcript)
| work = Cockpit Voice Recorder Database
| publisher = tailstrike.com (site not responding on 5 March 2008)
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041015235634/http://www.tailstrike.com/310392.htm
| archive-date = 2004-10-15
}}</ref><ref name="ASN">{{cite web
| url = http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920331-0&lang=en
| title = Aircraft Accident description of the 31 MAR 1992 accident of a Boeing 707-321C 5N-MAS at Istres
| work = aviation-safety.net
| publisher = [[Aviation Safety Network]]
| access-date = 2008-03-05
}}</ref><ref name="BEA">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/1992/5n-s920331/htm/5n-s920331.html
|title = RAPPORT relatif à l'accident survenu le 31 mars 1992 au Boeing 707 immatriculé 5N-MAS (Nigéria) exploité par la Compagnie Trans-Air Limited
|work = bea-fr.org
|publisher = [[Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'Aviation Civile|Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses]] (BEA)
|access-date = 2008-03-05
|language = fr
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080905192844/http://www.bea-fr.org/docspa/1992/5n-s920331/htm/5n-s920331.html
|archive-date = 2008-09-05
}}</ref>

<gallery>
Image:Mirage2000Nimousin.jpg|Mirage 2000 "escadron Limousin"
Image:C135FRGRV093.jpg|[[Boeing C-135 Stratolifter|C135FR]] "GRV 093 Bretagne"
Image:Dassault Aviation Mirage 2000N (code 375) of the French Air Force arrives Fairford 7Jul2016 arp.jpg|[[Mirage 2000N]] based at Istres arrives at the 2016 [[RIAT]], England
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Advanced Landing Ground#Y-12 to Y-39|Advanced Landing Ground]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/air/decouverte/lorganisation/bases_aeriennes/metropole/region_aerienne_sud/ba_125_istres Official BA125 site] (French)
* [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/air/decouverte/lorganisation/les_unites_aeriennes/cfas/escadron_de_chasse_limousin Strike squadron 3/4 Limousin site] (French)
* [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/air/decouverte/lorganisation/les_unites_aeriennes/cfas/escadron_de_ravitaillement_en_vol_bretagne Tanker squadron 00.093 Bretagne site] (French)

 
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{USAAF 12th Air Force World War II}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istres-Le Tube Air Base}}
[[Category:Aerospace research institutes]]
[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in France]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1917]]
[[Category:Aviation history of France]]
[[Category:French Air and Space Force bases]]
[[Category:Military research installations]]
[[Category:World War II airfields in France]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in France]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istres

2024-03-27T06:55:16Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{short description|Subprefecture of Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France}} {{Expand French|topic=geo|date=December 2008|Istres}} {{Infobox French commune |name = Istres |commune status = Subprefecture and commune |image = Istres - Centre ancien.jpg |...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{short description|Subprefecture of Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France}}
{{Expand French|topic=geo|date=December 2008|Istres}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name = Istres
|commune status = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
|image = Istres - Centre ancien.jpg
|caption = Historic center
|image flag =
|image coat of arms = Coat of Arms of Istres.svg
|arrondissement = Istres
|canton = Istres
|INSEE = 13047
|postal code = 13800
|mayor = François Bernardini<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|term = 2020–2026
|intercommunality = [[Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis|Aix-Marseille-Provence]]
|coordinates = {{coord|43.51510|04.98950|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m = 20
|elevation min m = 0
|elevation max m = 120
|area km2 = 113.73
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}

'''Istres''' ({{IPA-fr|istʁ}}; [[Occitan language|Occitan]]: '''Istre''') is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in southern [[France]], some 60 km (38 mi) northwest of [[Marseille]]. It is in the [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] [[regions of France|region]], in the [[Bouches-du-Rhône]] [[departments of France|department]], of which it is a [[subprefecture]].

==Location==
[[File:Port Istres 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Istres Harbour]]
Istres is adjacent to the ''[[Étang de Berre]]'' [[lagoon]] (the largest in [[Europe]]) and the ''Étang de l'Olivier'' [[lagoon]]. It is located some 60 km (38 mi) north-west of [[Marseille]], 20 km (13 mi) south-west of [[Salon-de-Provence]], 10 km (6 mi) north of [[Martigues]] and 45 km (28 mi) south-east of [[Arles]]. Istres is also adjacent to the ''plaine de la [[Crau]]'' and the [[Camargue]] [[national park]].

==Sports==
The city has numerous sports facilities and exactly 102 clubs. Each year, a race is organized around the Étang de l'Olivier. Many runners participate. The town's main football club is [[FC Istres]].

==Facilities==
Istres is the home of the [[Istres-Le Tubé Air Base]] (BA 125). This air base was one of three utilized by [[NASA]] as a contingency landing site for the [[Space Shuttle]] in the case of a [[Space Shuttle abort modes#Intact abort modes|Transoceanic Abort Landing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=17044|title=France to assist NASA with the future launches of the Space Shuttle|access-date=2009-09-27}}</ref> Istres shared this responsibility with [[Zaragoza, Spain]] and [[Moron, Spain]].

==Climate==
Istres has a [[Mediterranean climate]] characterised by mild, humid winters and hot, dry summers. January and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 7 °C. July and August are the hottest months. The mean summer temperature is around 24 °C (75 °F) with an average maximum temperature around 32 °C. The amount of precipitation is around 566 mm (22 inches) per year. The [[mistral (wind)|mistral]], a cold and often violent wind, blows through the city mostly in winter and spring.

{{Weather box
|location = Istres (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1920–present)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 21.0
|Feb record high C = 23.3
|Mar record high C = 26.0
|Apr record high C = 29.8
|May record high C = 34.5
|Jun record high C = 44.3
|Jul record high C = 39.5
|Aug record high C = 39.8
|Sep record high C = 34.9
|Oct record high C = 30.9
|Nov record high C = 25.2
|Dec record high C = 20.3
|year record high C = 44.3
|Jan high C = 11.2
|Feb high C = 12.4
|Mar high C = 15.6
|Apr high C = 18.3
|May high C = 22.5
|Jun high C = 27.1
|Jul high C = 30.2
|Aug high C = 29.8
|Sep high C = 25.4
|Oct high C = 20.6
|Nov high C = 14.8
|Dec high C = 11.6
|year high C = 20.0
|Jan mean C = 7.0
|Feb mean C = 7.8
|Mar mean C = 10.7
|Apr mean C = 13.3
|May mean C = 17.4
|Jun mean C = 21.5
|Jul mean C = 24.6
|Aug mean C = 24.2
|Sep mean C = 20.3
|Oct mean C = 16.3
|Nov mean C = 10.8
|Dec mean C = 7.7
|year mean C = 15.2
|Jan low C = 2.8
|Feb low C = 3.2
|Mar low C = 5.7
|Apr low C = 8.3
|May low C = 12.2
|Jun low C = 16.0
|Jul low C = 18.9
|Aug low C = 18.6
|Sep low C = 15.3
|Oct low C = 11.9
|Nov low C = 6.9
|Dec low C = 3.8
|year low C = 10.3
|Jan record low C = -11.1
|Feb record low C = -13.6
|Mar record low C = -7.2
|Apr record low C = -1.4
|May record low C = 3.1
|Jun record low C = 6.7
|Jul record low C = 9.0
|Aug record low C = 9.6
|Sep record low C = 5.1
|Oct record low C = -2.0
|Nov record low C = -4.9
|Dec record low C = -12.6
|year record low C = -13.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 53.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 36.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 33.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 53.1
|May precipitation mm = 42.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 25.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 10.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 26.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 76.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 84.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 60.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 50.8
|year precipitation mm = 554.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5.2
|Feb precipitation days = 4.3
|Mar precipitation days = 4.2
|Apr precipitation days = 5.9
|May precipitation days = 4.7
|Jun precipitation days = 3.3
|Jul precipitation days = 1.4
|Aug precipitation days = 2.6
|Sep precipitation days = 4.3
|Oct precipitation days = 6.1
|Nov precipitation days = 6.1
|Dec precipitation days = 5.5
|year precipitation days = 53.5
|Jan snow days = 0.8
|Feb snow days = 0.8
|Mar snow days = 0.3
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.1
|Dec snow days = 0.8
|year snow days = 2.8
|Jan humidity = 74
|Feb humidity = 71
|Mar humidity = 67
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 63
|Jul humidity = 59
|Aug humidity = 62
|Sep humidity = 69
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 73
|Dec humidity = 75
|year humidity = 68
|source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180405175242/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13047001.pdf
| archive-date = 5 April 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13047001.pdf
| title = Istres (13)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 5 April 2018}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days 1961–1990)<ref name=Infoclimat>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160315010133/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07647-istres-le-tube.html
| archive-date = 15 March 2016
| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07647-istres-le-tube.html
| title = Normes et records 1961-1990: Istres - Le Tubé (13) - altitude 23m
| language = fr
| publisher = Infoclimat
| access-date = 5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/73995274-45-9c-un-record-en-questions|title = 45,9°C : Un record en questions}}</ref>

}}

==Population==

{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|17661|Istres}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2017)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-13047#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |2081
|1800 |2081
|1806 |1991
|1821 |2785
|1831 |3023
|1836 |3036
|1841 |3122
|1846 |3268
|1851 |3389
|1856 |3614
|1861 |3776
|1866 |3905
|1872 |3937
|1876 |3849
|1881 |3701
|1886 |3750
|1891 |3405
|1896 |3495
|1901 |3517
|1906 |3681
|1911 |3810
|1921 |5462
|1926 |5547
|1931 |7034
|1936 |7286
|1946 |5749
|1954 |8009
|1962 |9478
|1968 |13404
|1975 |18129
|1982 |28561
|1990 |35163
|1999 |38855
|2007 |42775
|2012 |42944
|2017 |43133
}}

==See also==
*[[Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department]]
*[[FC Istres]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.istres.fr/ Official website]

{{Commons category|Istres}}
{{Bouches-du-Rhône communes}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communes of Bouches-du-Rhône]]
[[Category:Subprefectures in France]]
[[Category:Bouches-du-Rhône communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia]]

{{BouchesRhône-geo-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrehågan

2024-03-27T06:55:13Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} 978-8299606912}}.</ref><ref name="Davidsen, Roger 2008 Page 144"/> '''Istrehågan''' is an ancient monument at Jåberg on the Sandefjord-Larvik border in Vestfold, Norway.<ref name...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
[[File:Istrehågan,_Tjølling_(14550732106).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rock setting resembling a ship.<ref>Lund, Arild and Charlotte Jørgensen (2001). ''Larvik''. Capella Media. Page 16. {{ISBN|978-8299606912}}.</ref><ref name="Davidsen, Roger 2008 Page 144"/>]]
'''Istrehågan''' is an [[ancient monument]] at Jåberg on the [[Sandefjord]]-[[Larvik]] border in [[Vestfold]], Norway.<ref name="auto">Jøranlid, Marianne (1996). ''40 trivelige turer i Sandefjord og omegn''. Vett Viten. Page 123. {{ISBN|9788241202841}}.</ref><ref name="Davidsen, Roger 2008 Page 144">Davidsen, Roger (2008). ''Et Sted i Sandefjord''. Sandar Historielag. Page 144. {{ISBN|9788299456753}}.</ref> It is home to some of the largest stone settings in the [[Nordic countries]].<ref name="auto1">Bertelsen, Hans Kristian (1998). ''Bli kjent med Vestfold / Become acquainted with Vestfold''. Stavanger Offset AS. Page 94. {{ISBN|9788290636017}}.</ref> Nearby Haugen farm in Sandefjord is home to [[Vestfold|Vestfold County]]'s largest petroglyph site.<ref>Børresen, Svein E. (2004). ''Vestfoldboka: en reise i kultur og natur''. Skagerrak forl. Page 38. {{ISBN|9788292284070}}.</ref> The rock carvings at Haugen farm are Vestfold County's oldest ancient monument.<ref>Tollnes, Ivar and Olaf Akselsen (1994). ''Sandefjord: Den lille storbyen''. Sandefjords blad. Page 102. {{ISBN|9788299070447}}.</ref> It is an ancient [[burial ground]] which dates to the time of the [[Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)|Roman Iron Age]] around 1500-500 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitvestfold.com/en/larvik/see-and-do/Attractions/?TLp=200315&Rock-carvings-and-standing-stones-at-Haugen-Farm|title=Rock carvings and standing stones at Haugen Farm|website=www.visitvestfold.com}}</ref> It is located two kilometers northwest of [[Hemskilen|Hemskilen Nature Preserve]] in a forest known as Marumskogen.<ref>Aadnevik, Kjell-Einar (2019). ''Turguide til Larvik og Omegn''. Dreyers forlag. Page 136. {{ISBN|9788282654418}}.</ref>

Large stone settings resemble a ship. The largest "ship" is {{convert|24|m}} long, and {{convert|9|m}} meters broad. Most rocks are about {{convert|1|m}} tall, while some are as high as {{convert|4.5|m}}. Archaeological excavations made in 1959-1961 uncovered remains of bones, bear claws, pottery shards, a brooch, and more.<ref>[https://www.visitvestfold.com/Images/Bilder%20Visit%20Vestfold/Vestfold/Dokumenter/viking_trail_engelsk_web_951579.pdf Istrehågan - A Ship of Stone] (The Viking Trail, page 8. Vestfold fylkeskommune).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://snl.no/Istreh%C3%A5gan|title=Istrehågan|first=Lars|last=Mæhlum|date=29 September 2014|publisher=|via=Store norske leksikon}}</ref>
<ref>[http://destinationviking.no/onewebmedia/VikingtrailCicero(1).pdf Istrehågan, A ship of stone] (The Viking Trail through Vestfold. Page 7. Vestfold fylkeskommune).</ref> Most stone settings are dated to the [[Migration Period]] around 400-500 A.D. There are marked hiking trails leading to Istrehågan through the Marum forest, for example from Store Bergan skole. There are also agricultural symbols here which were etched into the hillside during the [[Bronze Age]], 1500-500 B.C.E.<ref>Tollnes, Ivar and Olaf Akselsen (1994). ''Sandefjord: Den lille storbyen''. Sandefjords blad. Page 100. {{ISBN|9788299070447}}.</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.sandefjord.kommune.no/Skole-og-barnehage/Skole-og-SFO/skoler-i-sandefjord/Store-Bergan-skole/|title= Store Bergan skole
|publisher = Sandefjord kommune|accessdate=September 1, 2018}}</ref>

==Stone settings==
[[File:Jåberg.JPG|thumb|right|Istrehågan in Vestfold]]
There are various stone settings, including settings depicting several ships and circles. The stone settings are dated to 400-500 A.D.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Davidsen, Roger 2008 Page 144"/>

Istrehågan has been named one of the most magnificent stone settings in the [[Nordic countries]]. A burial mound with large stone settings was put up here during the [[Migration Period|Great Migration]] over 1,500 years ago. The largest stone setting resembles a ship and is 25 meters in length. Some stones are as tall as 4.5 meters. The width is 9 meters. The rolling lines of the [[gunwales]] are marked explicitly by the falling height of the rocks towards "midship." It is erected with tall stones at each end marking bow and stern.<ref name="auto1"/>

Istrehåg's stone settings are similar to the stone settlements on the continent and on the British Isles.
It is a protected cultural heritage area which is managed by the [[Museum of Cultural History, Oslo|Museum of Cultural History]] at the [[University of Oslo]].<ref>Tore, Sandberg and Cato Arveschoug (2001). ''Sandefjord zoomet inn av fotograf Tore Sandberg''. C. Arveschoug and Magne Helland. Page 6. {{ISBN|9788299616706}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sb.no/nyheter/turer-i-sandefjord/istrehagan-er-vestfolds-stonehenge/s/5-73-81305|title=Istrehågan er Vestfolds Stonehenge|date=17 July 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/vestfold/vestfolds-svar-pa-stonehenge-1.11645241|title=Vestfolds svar på Stonehenge|first=Yngve|last=Tørrestad|publisher=}}</ref>

==Rock carvings==
[[File:Petroglyphs_sandefjord_haugen_farm_rock_carvings.png|thumb|right|250px|Petroglyphs at nearby Haugen farm are dated to 1500-500 BCE]]
The rock art at Haugen farm has been described as the most picturesque rock carvings in Vestfold dated to the [[Bronze Age]]. On a mountain facing east, 100 meters down the road to Haugen farm, 78 small and large petroglyphs have been discovered. They are located over a 17-meter mountainside. The carvings include 28 ship and ship fragments, including petroglyphs of ships with tall [[Stem (ship)|stems]], marked railing, and [[keel]]s. 41 men have been carved onboard the largest ship carving. It also has carvings depicting numerous spiral figures, 37 [[cup and ring mark]]s, and one circle.<ref>Nyhus, Per (1996). ''Oldtidsreiser i søndre Vestfold''. Kaupangprosjektet. Page 42. Retrieved on August 30, 2021, from the [[National Library of Norway]] at https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2015091148094</ref><ref>Nyhus, Per (1995). ''40 trivelige turer i Larvik og omegn''. Vett & Viten. Page 111. ISBN 8241201788.</ref>

The rock carvings were first described by S.A. Sørensen in his 1872 book ''Lidt om Sandeherred før i Tiden''. It has been described as one of Vestfold’s most valuable [[ancient monument]]s.<ref>Møller, Vilhelm (1989). ''Kjære gamle Sandefjord''. [[Sandefjords Blad]]. Page 30. ISBN 8299070430.</ref> The petroglyphs are located at the Haugen farm, west of [[Jåberg]] Station. One group of carvings contain four warriors with round shields. Another group consists of two ships.<ref>Bakken, Asbjørn (1963). ''Vestfold: historiske steder''. Vestfold Historielag. Page 21. Retrieved on August 30, 2021, from the [[National Library of Norway]] at https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010070505013</ref> They are the most visible during lots of daylight. The petroglyphs include 37 ships where railing, [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]], and [[keel]] are marked.<ref>Møller, Vilhelm (1980). ''Vestfold''. Gyldendal. Pages 208-209. ISBN 8205120927.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://www.vfk.no/meny/tjenester-og-fagomrader/kulturarv/kulturarvartikler/istrehagan/ Istrehagan] (Vestfold fylkeskommune)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istrehaagan}}
[[Category:Sandefjord]]
[[Category:Larvik]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Norway]]
[[Category:Culture in Vestfold]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vestfold]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrefi

2024-03-27T06:55:12Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} '''Istrefi''' is an Albanian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Era Istrefi (born 1994), Kosovar singer and songwriter *Gzim Istrefi (born 1991), Swedish footballer of Albanian descent *Nora Istrefi (born 1986), Kosovar singer, sister of Era {{surname}} Category:Albanian-language surnames {{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Ан...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
'''Istrefi''' is an Albanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

*[[Era Istrefi]] (born 1994), Kosovar singer and songwriter
*[[Gzim Istrefi]] (born 1991), Swedish footballer of Albanian descent
*[[Nora Istrefi]] (born 1986), Kosovar singer, sister of Era

{{surname}}
[[Category:Albanian-language surnames]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
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[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrebitel Sputnikov

2024-03-27T06:55:10Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Soviet anti-satellite weapon program}} {{Use British English|date=January 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} '''Istrebitel Sputnikov''', or '''IS''' ({{lang-ru|Истребитель спутников}}, ИС, meaning "destroyer of satellites"<ref>Not to be confounded with "sputnik-istrebitel" ("спутник-истребитель"), "fighter satellite"....»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Soviet anti-satellite weapon program}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

'''Istrebitel Sputnikov''', or '''IS''' ({{lang-ru|Истребитель спутников}}, ИС, meaning "destroyer of satellites"<ref>Not to be confounded with "sputnik-istrebitel" ("спутник-истребитель"), "fighter satellite".</ref>), was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[anti-satellite weapon]]s programme which led to the deployment of the IS-A or I2P system during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="EA-ISA">{{cite web|last=Wade|first=Mark |title=IS-A|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isa.htm|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=17 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122021229/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isa.htm|archive-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> IS satellites were originally intended to launch on [[UR-200]] rockets, but following the cancellation of the UR-200, the [[Polyot (rocket)|Polyot]], [[Tsyklon|Tsyklon-2A]] and [[Tsyklon-2]] rockets were used instead.<ref name="LL">{{cite web|last=McDowell|first=Jonathan|title=Launch Log|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt |publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|access-date=17 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127144153/http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|archive-date=27 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first test flights of the IS spacecraft used the [[I1P]] configuration, and served to demonstrate the propulsion and control systems of the spacecraft.<ref name="EA-I1P">{{cite web|last=Wade|first=Mark |title=Polyot|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/polyot.htm|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=17 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617173742/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/polyot.htm|archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> Both were launched by Polyot rockets, and were designated [[Polyot 1]] and [[Polyot 2]]. They were launched on 1 November 1963 and 12 April 1964 respectively.<ref name="LL"/> Following this, IS-A or I2P interceptors and [[IS-P]] or I2M targets were launched. Only four IS-P targets were launched before the type was replaced by the cheaper [[DS-P1-M]] satellite,<ref name="EA-ISP">{{cite web|last=Wade|first=Mark|title=IS-P|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isp.htm|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=17 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617135947/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isp.htm|archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> launched as part of the [[Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik]] programme. Later IS-A tests intercepted DS-P1-M satellites, or the [[Lira (satellite)|Lira]] satellites that succeeded them.<ref name="EA-DSP1M">{{cite web|last=Wade|first=Mark|title=DS-P1-M |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/dsp1m.htm|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=17 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105105926/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/dsp1m.htm|archive-date=5 January 2009}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Kosmos 2499]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Istrebitel Sputnikov}}
{{weapons-stub}}

[[Category:Space weapons]]
[[Category:Soviet military spacecraft]]
[[Category:1963 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1982 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Abandoned military projects of the Soviet Union]]
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Английская Википедия:Istream

2024-03-27T06:55:05Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} "'''Istream"''' may refer to: *Enfilade (Xanadu)#Types of enfilades in Xanadu *C++ Standard Library#Streams and input/output {{disambig}} {{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}} Категория:Английская Википедия Категория:Википедия Категория:Статья и...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
"'''Istream"''' may refer to:

*[[Enfilade (Xanadu)#Types of enfilades in Xanadu]]
*[[C++ Standard Library#Streams and input/output]]
{{disambig}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
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Английская Википедия:Istre Cemetery Grave Houses

2024-03-27T06:55:03Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox NRHP | name = Istre Cemetery Grave Houses | nrhp_type = | image = Istre15.jpg | caption = The LeBlanc Grave House before the family began restoration efforts. | location = Along Swift Road, about {{convert|0.68|mi|km}} south of intersection with Legros Road | nearest_city = Morse, Louisiana | coordinates = {{coord|30.11561|-92.56533|format=dms|...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Istre Cemetery Grave Houses
| nrhp_type =
| image = Istre15.jpg
| caption = The LeBlanc Grave House before the family began restoration efforts.
| location = Along Swift Road, about {{convert|0.68|mi|km}} south of intersection with Legros Road
| nearest_city = [[Morse, Louisiana]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.11561|-92.56533|format=dms|display=inline,title,source:ProprioMeOW}}
| locmapin = Louisiana#USA
| built = ca. {{Start date|1900}}, {{Start date|1925}} and {{Start date|1935}}
| builder = LeBlanc, Henry & Istre families
| added = February 21, 2008
| area = {{convert|0.2|acre|ha}}
| refnum = 07000545<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>
}}
The '''Istre Cemetery Grave Houses''' are three historic grave houses located in Istre Cemetery in [[Morse, Louisiana|Morse]], [[Louisiana]]. The houses are the only three known surviving examples of traditional [[Acadiana]] grave houses. The structures were built in 1925 (Istre Grave House), 1935 (Henry Grave House), and circa 1900 (LeBlanc Grave House); they each resemble a small gable-roofed house.<ref name=nrhpdoc>{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=07000545}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Istre Cemetery Grave Houses, Acadia Parish, LA|author=National Register Staff |date=February 2007 |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=March 16, 2017}} With {{NRHP url|id=07000545|title=ten photos from 2007|photos=y}}</ref>

It is important to distinguish between grave shelters and grave houses. Shelters, common in Protestant southern cemeteries, are primarily built with a roof, four corner posts and a fence protecting an in-ground burial site. Grave houses are complete, miniature houses with siding, hinged doors, windows and sometimes ornate interiors.

No one knows why the Cajun Catholic settlers in the Acadiana Prairie region of south Louisiana began building grave houses. There are numerous legends about how the tradition started. The significance<ref>{{cite web|title=Istre Cemetery Grave Houses|url=http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/hp/nhl/attachments/Parish01/Scans/01007001.pdf|publisher=Louisiana Office of Cultural Development, Division of Historic Preservation|accessdate=January 20, 2015}}</ref> of the grave houses is uncertain; historians have variously proposed that the houses were a form of protection or a local interpretation of burial vaults. The houses resemble the grave shelters of the [[Upland South]], another burial tradition with obscure origins, and some researchers have suggested that the former practice derives from the latter.

Local filmmakers Zach, Donny and Jeremy C. Broussard released their historical documentary ''Little Houses''<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://anisette.ucs.louisiana.edu/Advancement/PRNS/lala/2010-SPRG/littlehouses.pdf|title = Little Houses: Filmmakers lead effort to preserve cemetery tradition|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> in 2009. The film documents the mystery of the houses, their historical significance and the filmmakers' efforts to have them listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Locals estimate that at least forty grave houses once stood in the Istre Cemetery alone and twelve remained in Istre Cemetery as recently as the 1980s. Today only three original houses remain. Since the film's release, a fourth house has been built by Leonard Smith, a local resident and caretaker of the cemetery.

The grave houses were added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on February 21, 2008.<ref name="nris"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Istre Cemetery Grave Houses}}
* {{Find a Grave cemetery|67870|Istre Cemetery}}

{{National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana}}
{{Portal bar|National Register of Historic Places}}

[[Category:Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Acadia Parish, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Acadiana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1900]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1925]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1935]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Acadia Parish, Louisiana]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrati

2024-03-27T06:55:01Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} '''Istrati''' is a Romanian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Alexandre Istrati, Franco-Romanian painter *Constantin Istrati, Romanian chemist and physician *Gavril Istrati, politician *Nicolae Istrati, politician *Panait Istrati, writer {{surname}} Category:Romanian-language surnames {{Навигационная таблица/Порта...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
'''Istrati''' is a [[Romanian surname]]. Notable people with the surname include:

*[[Alexandre Istrati]], Franco-Romanian painter
*[[Constantin Istrati]], Romanian chemist and physician
*[[Gavril Istrati]], politician
*[[Nicolae Istrati]], politician
*[[Panait Istrati]], writer

{{surname}}
[[Category:Romanian-language surnames]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrate Micescu

2024-03-27T06:54:55Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Istrate Micescu |image = Istrate Micescu.02.jpg |caption = Micescu in a photo published in 1937 |order = |title = Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania |term_start = 29 December 1937 |term_end = 10 February 1938 |predecessor = Victor Antonescu |successor = Gheo...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Istrate Micescu
|image = Istrate Micescu.02.jpg
|caption = Micescu in a photo published in 1937
|order =
|title = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania]]
|term_start = 29 December 1937
|term_end = 10 February 1938
|predecessor = [[Victor Antonescu]]
|successor = [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]]
|primeminister = [[Octavian Goga]]

|order1 =
|title1 = [[List of Justice Ministers of Romania|Minister of Justice of Romania]]
|term_start1 = 24 November 1939
|term_end1 = 30 November 1939
|predecessor1 = [[Victor Iamandi]]
|successor1 = {{ill|Aurelian Bentoiu|ro}}
|primeminister1 = [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]]

|birth_date = {{birth date|1881|5|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Ploiești]], [[Kingdom of Romania]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1951|5|22|1881|5|22|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Aiud Prison]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]]
| resting_place = [[Mărăcineni, Argeș|Mărăcineni]], [[Argeș County]], [[Romania]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| alma_mater = [[Sorbonne University]]
| occupation = Lawyer, professor, politician
| years_active =
| organization =
| notable_works =
| party = [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party]] [[National Christian Party]] [[National Renaissance Front]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage |Elena Valimarescu| |1919|end=d.}}
* {{marriage |Anișoara Munteanu| |1930|end=div}}
* {{marriage |Elisabeta Pastia|1930|end=}}
}}
| children = Roger, Mariana, Istrate Jr.
| father = Nicolae Micescu
| mother = Maria Rădulescu
| relatives =
| family =
| awards =
| known_for = [[1938 Constitution of Romania]]
| allegiance = [[Kingdom of Romania]]
| branch = [[Romanian Land Forces|Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = Lieutenant
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Battle of Mărășești]]
| mawards =
| module =
{{Infobox person | embed = yes
| employer = [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University|University of Iași]] [[University of Bucharest]]
}}
}}

'''Istrate N. Micescu''' (22 May 1881 – 22 May 1951) was a [[Romania]]n lawyer, Law and Political Science professor at the [[University of Bucharest]]'s Law Department, and politician who served as the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania]].

==Early life==
Micescu was born on 22 May 1881 in [[Ploiești]] to one of the families of the nobility in Romania, son of professor and liberal politician Nicolae Micescu and Maria Rădulescu. After graduating in 1899 from the [[Ion Brătianu National College (Pitești)|Ion Brătianu High School]] in [[Pitești]], he studied for a semester at the [[University of Bucharest]]. He then went to [[Sorbonne University]] in [[Paris]] to study law and philology,<ref name="Grigorescu">{{cite news|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/pitesti/istrate-micescu-mareleavocat-caruia-regele-mihai-i-a-cerut-formeze-guvern-exil-1_58b3fa755ab6550cb8dc9e4a/index.html|title=Istrate Micescu, marele avocat căruia Regele Mihai i-a cerut să formeze un guvern în exil|language=ro| first=Denis|last=Grigorescu|newspaper=[[Adevărul]]|date=February 28, 2017|access-date=December 22, 2021}}</ref> obtaining his Law degree magna cum laude in 1906.<ref name="euro"/>

==Career==
Upon returning to Romania, Micescu practiced Law, first at the [[Argeș County]] bar, and then at the [[Ilfov County]] bar.<ref name="euro">{{cite web|url=http://www.euroavocatura.ro/dictionar/319534/Istrate_Micescu|title=Dicționar Personalități: Istrate Micescu|language=ro|website=www.euroavocatura.ro|access-date=December 22, 2021}}</ref> In 1907 he competed against [[Nicolae Titulescu]] for an open faculty position at the Law School of the [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University|University of Iași]], and was successful in securing the appointment. He later transferred to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Professor of Civil Law.<ref name="Grigorescu"/> During [[Romania in World War I|World War I]], he served as lieutenant in the [[Romanian Land Forces|Romanian Army]], and was wounded at the [[Battle of Mărășești]] in 1917.<ref name="Grigorescu"/>

In 1918, he joined the [[National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)|National Liberal Party of Romania]] and was a deputy in the [[Parliament of Romania]] in 1920, 1927, and 1931. In 1931 Micescu was elected vice-president of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref name="euro"/> He was also [[Senate of Romania|senator]], first for [[Muscel County|Muscel]] and then Ploiești.<ref name="Grigorescu"/> He served as Dean of the Ilfov Bar Association (which includes Bucharest), first in 1923–1926, and then in 1936.<ref name="euro"/>

Micescu was [[antisemitism|antisemitic]].<ref name="ButnaruSpodheim1992">{{cite book|first1=Ion C.|last1=Butnaru|first2=Renee|last2=Spodheim|title=The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxZEYtMxMt4C&pg=PA59|year=1992|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-27985-0|page=59}}</ref> He formed a group called the Association of Romanian Christian Lawyers, and in November 1935 he made an alliance with [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]]'s fascistic [[Iron Guard]] in order to intimidate his political opponents in the Bucharest Bar Association.<ref name="Clark">{{cite thesis|url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/11837/1/ETD_Thesis_-_Clark.pdf|title=European Fascists and Local Activists: Romania's Legion of the Archangel Michael (1922–1938)| first=Roland|last=Clark|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]|year=2012|access-date=December 24, 2021}}</ref>{{rp|318}} Micescu was one of the main antisemitic instigators in the Bar Association and, on 7 February 1937 he presided the Bar when it decided to no longer admit Jewish lawyers.<ref name="Kamins 1937">{{cite web | last=Kamins | first=Toni L. | title=Jewish Lawyers Excluded from Rumanian Bar; Termed "parasites" | publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] | date=8 February 1937 | url=https://www.jta.org/1937/02/08/archive/jewish-lawyers-excluded-from-rumanian-bar-termed-parasites | access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ButnaruSpodheim1992"/> After [[Iron Guard|Legionary]] students helped him gain control of the Ilfov Bar Association, Micescu made denigrating remarks about Codreanu’s electoral alliances in 1937; Codreanu launched a [[Defamation|libel suit]] against Micescu, but in December 1937 he lost the suit.<ref name="Clark"/>{{rp|294}}

Micescu's antisemitism led him to leave the National Liberal Party and join [[Octavian Goga]]'s [[National Christian Party]].<ref name="Clark"/>{{rp|318}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Livezeanu|first=Irina|title=Interwar Poland and Romania: The Nationalization of Elites, the Vanishing Middle, and the Problem of Intellectuals|journal=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute|Harvard Ukrainian Studies]]|volume=22|year=1998|pages=407–430|jstor=41036750}}</ref>{{rp|418}} On 29 December 1937, he was appointed [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania]] in the [[Goga cabinet]]. He served as Foreign Minister until 10 February 1938.<ref name="Institutul Cultural Roman 2011">{{cite web | title=Istrate Micescu | publisher=Institutul Cultural Român | date=21 July 2011 | url=https://www.icr.ro/praga/creativitate-si-inovatie/istrate-micescu.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721004533/https://www.icr.ro/praga/creativitate-si-inovatie/istrate-micescu.html | archive-date=21 July 2011 | url-status=unfit | language=ro | access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

Micescu was the author of the [[1938 Constitution of Romania]], which established the monarchic regime of [[King of Romania|King]] [[Carol II of Romania]].<ref name="euro"/> He began working on the constitution in mid-February and completed it in 3 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radioromaniacultural.ro/idei-in-nocturna-pagini-de-istorie-carol-al-ii-lea-al-romaniei-un-rege-controversat-2-invitat-dr-narcis-dorin-ion-directorul-general-al-muzeului-national-peles/|title=Idei în nocturnă. Pagini de Istorie – Carol al II-lea al României. Un Rege controversat|language=ro|publisher=[[Radio România Cultural]]|date=June 8, 2021|access-date=December 22, 2021}}</ref> Although he had previously praised Micescu as being "an eminent jurist," [[Nicolae Iorga]] was not pleased with the result: "Our Constitution should be the product of the nation, relying on strict principles of the soul and the manifestations of our people. Our [[1923 Constitution of Romania|first Constitution]] was created by a certain [[Alexandru C. Constantinescu|Alecu Constantinescu]], and that of last February by Istrate Micescu, an idiotic jurist who only sees that which is written in his manuals and that which the king has told him."<ref>{{cite web |first=Petre |last=Țurlea |url=http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2001/current2/mi43.htm |title=Vodă da, Iorga ba |magazine=Magazin Istoric |date=February 2001 |language=ro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007125007/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2001/current2/mi43.htm |archive-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In December, the [[National Renaissance Front]] was formed as the only legally permitted party; Micescu became a member of the ruling council of the party, and a Senator in the new Parliament.

In late November 1939, Micescu served for a week as [[List of Justice Ministers of Romania|Minister of Justice]] in the [[Fifth Tătărăscu cabinet]]. As head of the Ministry of Justice he promoted and brutally enacted antisemitic laws.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Imprisonment and death==
In 1945, after the communist-led government of [[Petru Groza]] came to power, Micescu was [[disbarment|disbarred]].<ref name="euro"/> According to some accounts, [[King of Romania|King]] [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]] offered safe passage to the West on his personal plane so that Micescu could set up a government-in-exile, but he refused.<ref name="Grigorescu"/> He was arrested on 6 July 1947 and interrogated at the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Romania)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]. He was re-arrested in March 1948 and held at [[Jilava Prison]] on charges that he and {{ill|Nichifor Robu|ro}} had set an organization (''Salvarea Neamului'') to overthrow the communist regime. He was tried by the Bucharest Military Tribunal, presided by Colonel Mihail Vasilescu;<ref name="Ionițoiu">{{citation|url=https://arhiva.romanialiterara.com/index.pl/cicerone_ionioiu_-_victimele_terorii_comuniste|title=Victimele terorii comuniste |language=ro| first=Cicerone|last=Ionițoiu|magazine=[[România Literară]]|volume=15|year=2004|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> on 1 July 1948 he was sentenced to 20 years of [[forced labour]] for conspiracy and rebellion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fișe matricole penale – personalități |url=https://www.iiccmer.ro/victime/fisele-matricole-penale/fise-matricole-penale-personalitati/ |publisher=[[Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania]]|website=www.iiccmer.ro |access-date=23 December 2021 |language=ro}}</ref><ref name="Stancu">{{cite news|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/pitesti/tumultuoasa-viata-fostului-ministru-istrate-micescu-le-a-spus-celebrul-avocat-judecatorilor-i-au-dat-20-ani-temnita-grea-1_576727285ab6550cb81b9560/index.html|title=Tumultuoasa viață a fostului ministru Istrate Micescu. Ce le-a spus celebrul avocat judecătorilor care i-au dat 20 de ani de temniță grea|language=ro|date=June 21, 2016|first= Cristina|last= Stancu|newspaper=[[Adevărul]]|access-date=December 22, 2021}}</ref> He was sent to [[Aiud Prison]], where he died three years later,<ref name="Institutul Cultural Roman 2011"/><ref name="Ionițoiu"/> of complications due to a prostate condition and poor medical care.<ref name="Grigorescu"/> He was buried by his family next to the church located on his property at [[Mărăcineni, Argeș|Ciumești]], [[Argeș County]].<ref name="Grigorescu"/><ref name="Stancu"/>

A street in [[Pitești]] now bears his name.

==Private life==
Micescu was married 3 times: to Elena Valimarescu, Anișoara Munteanu, and Elisabeta Pastia. He had 3 children: Roger Micescu (love child, born to his Swedish servant in Paris, but raised by him without the mother's input), Mariana Micescu (with the first wife), and Istrate Micescu Jr. (with the second wife).<ref name="Stancu"/>

[[File:2017 Istrate Micescu House, Bucharest.jpg|thumb|The Istrate Micescu House, at the southeastern entrance to the [[Cișmigiu Gardens]]]]
Micescu lived in an imposing mansion at the entrance to the [[Cișmigiu Gardens]] in Bucharest; the property, located at 12, Ioan Zalomit Street, featured the largest private library in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-26180679-fost-parasita-cea-mai-frumoasa-casa-intrarea-parcul-cismigiu.htm|title=De ce a fost părăsită cea mai frumoasă casă de la intrarea în parcul Cișmigiu|lang=ro|website=[[HotNews]]|date=April 2, 2023|access-date=March 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sospatrimoniu.ro/sos-articole/despre-patrimoniul-din-bucuresti/item/346-casa-istrate-micescu-cea-mai-frumoasa-cladire-de-la-intrarea-in-parcul-cismigiu|title=Casa Istrate Micescu – cea mai frumoasă clădire de la intrarea în Parcul Cișmigiu|lang=ro| website=www.sospatrimoniu.ro|date=July 11, 2022|access-date=March 5, 2024}}</ref> Bound to the land by a passion that had to do with a feudal notion of property, Istrate Micescu used to invest his earnings in small properties, some of which did not return any income. He particularly cared for the one in Ciumești (now Argeșelu, in [[Mărăcineni, Argeș|Mărăcineni]] commune, in the vicinity of [[Micești]]), where the roots of his family were and where he had his most beautiful mansion built.<ref name="Argeș">{{cite web|url=https://jurnaluldearges.ro/statul-ii-jupoaie-pe-urmasii-avocatului-istrate-micescu-30071/|title=Statul îi jupoaie pe urmașii avocatului Istrate Micescu|language=ro|newspaper=Jurnal de Argeș|date=June 16, 2016|access-date=December 22, 2021}}</ref>

His most famous property was the Micești mansion, built in 1928 in Neo-Romanian style. The plans were drawn by architect [[Edmond van Saanen Algi]] and the building contractor was the well-known engineer C. Corani. Istrate Micescu would invite at his property his friends, including the writers [[Liviu Rebreanu]], [[Ion Minulescu]], [[Lucian Blaga]], and [[Octavian Goga]].<ref name="Argeș"/> He gathered there a valuable library, as well as painting by [[Jean Alexandru Steriadi]], [[Nicolae Tonitza]], [[Nicolae Grigorescu]], and [[Ștefan Luchian]],<ref name="Stancu"/> but it was all scattered away after the establishment of the communist regime (the books were burned after his arrest in 1948<ref name="Ionițoiu"/>). The mansion was later used by the [[Ceaușescu family|Ceaușescu couple]] as a hunting lodge.<ref name="Argeș"/>

==See also==
*[[Foreign relations of Romania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite news|url=https://www.rador.ro/2020/03/06/nemuritorii-istrate-micescu-cel-mai-mare-avocat-pe-care-l-am-avut-noi/|title=Nemuritorii – Istrate Micescu, "cel mai mare avocat pe care l-am avut noi"|language=ro|publisher=[[Agenția de presă RADOR|RADOR]]|date=March 6, 2020|access-date=December 22, 2021}}

{{RomanianForeignMinisters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Micescu, Istrate}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ploiești]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Romanian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bucharest]]
[[Category:20th-century Romanian lawyers]]
[[Category:Romanian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Romania]]
[[Category:National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians]]
[[Category:National Christian Party politicians]]
[[Category:National Renaissance Front politicians]]
[[Category:Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs]]
[[Category:Romanian Ministers of Justice]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Romania]]
[[Category:Inmates of Jilava Prison]]
[[Category:Inmates of Aiud prison]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in Securitate custody]]
[[Category:Romanian people who died in prison custody]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrate

2024-03-27T06:54:53Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} '''Istrate''' or '''Eustratie''' is a Romanian given name and surname that may refer to ;Given name *Eustratie Dabija (?–1665), Prince of Moldavia *Istrate Micescu (1881–1951), Romanian lawyer ;Surname *Alexandru Istrate (born 1947), Romanian fencer *Nicolae Istrate (born 1982), Romanian bobsledder {{Given name|type=both}} [[Category:Romanian-language surnames]...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
'''Istrate''' or '''Eustratie''' is a Romanian given name and surname that may refer to
;Given name
*[[Eustratie Dabija]] (?–1665), Prince of Moldavia
*[[Istrate Micescu]] (1881–1951), Romanian lawyer

;Surname
*[[Alexandru Istrate]] (born 1947), Romanian fencer
*[[Nicolae Istrate]] (born 1982), Romanian bobsledder

{{Given name|type=both}}
[[Category:Romanian-language surnames]]
[[Category:Romanian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrana Air Base

2024-03-27T06:54:49Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox airport | name = Istrana Air Base | nativename = | nativename-a = | nativename-r = | image = | image-width =  | caption = | image2 = | image2-width =  | caption2 = | IATA = | ICAO = LIPS | FAA = | TC = | LID = | GPS = | WMO = | type...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Istrana Air Base
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width = 
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2-width = 
| caption2 =
| IATA =
| ICAO = LIPS
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| type = Military
| owner-oper =
| owner =
| operator =
| city-served =
| location = [[Istrana]]
| hub =
| built = 
| used = 
| commander = 
| occupants = 
| metric-elev =
| elevation-f = 137
| elevation-m = 42
| coordinates = {{coord|45|41|06|N|012|04|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Italy
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label = '''LIPS'''
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Italy
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-f = 9816
| r1-length-m = 2992
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data = 
| stat-year =
| footnotes = Sources: World Aero Data<ref>{{cite web|url-status=usurped|url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=LIPS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143444/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=LIPS|archive-date=2019-03-05|title=Airport information for Istrana Airport|website=World Aero Data}} Data current as of October 2006.</ref>
}}

'''Istrana Air Base''' {{airport codes||LIPS}} is a military airport located in [[Istrana]], [[Veneto]], Italy. It is home to the [[Italian Air Force]]'s 51º Stormo.

==Overview==
* 132º Gruppo FBA/RECCE (132nd Fighter Bomber Reconnaissance Squadron) operating [[AMX International AMX]]'s.<ref name="AFMFEB17-">{{cite book|title=[[AirForces Monthly]]|year=February 2017|publisher=[[Key Publishing|Key Publishing Ltd]]|location=[[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]|pages=11}}</ref>
* 451º Gruppo STO (451st Technical Support Squadron)
* 551º Gruppo SLO (551st Logistic Support Squadron)
* 951º Gruppo Efficienza Aeromobili (951st Maintenance Squadron)

==See also==
*{{portal-inline|Italy}}
*{{portal-inline|Aviation}}
*[[List of airports in Italy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{GCM|LIPS|Istrana Airport|source=[[DAFIF]]}}

 
{{Airports in Italy}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Italian airbases]]
[[Category:Treviso]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Province of Treviso]]

{{Italy-airport-stub}}
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istrana

2024-03-27T06:54:48Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Istrana | official_name = Comune di Istrana | native_name = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_m...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Istrana
| official_name = Comune di Istrana
| native_name =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|41|N|12|6|E|type:city(8,223)_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = [[Veneto]]
| province = [[Province of Treviso]] (TV)
| frazioni = Sala, Pezzan, Ospedaletto, Villanova
| mayor_party =
| mayor =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 26.3
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 9141
| population_as_of = Dec. 2022
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Istranesi
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 38
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| saint =
| day =
| postal_code = 31036
| area_code = 0422
| website = {{official website|http://www.istrana.it/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Istrana''' is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province of Treviso]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Veneto]], located about {{convert|35|km|mi}} northwest of [[Venice]] and about {{convert|12|km|mi|0}} west of [[Treviso]]. As of 31 December 2022, it had a population of 9,141 and an area of {{convert|26.3|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref>

The municipality of Istrana contains the ''[[frazione|frazioni]]'' (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Sala, Pezzan, Ospedaletto, Villanova, the [[Istrana Air Base]].

Istrana borders the following municipalities: [[Morgano]], [[Paese (commune)|Paese]], [[Piombino Dese]], [[Trevignano]], [[Vedelago]].

==History==
The oldest finds, which are very numerous, date back to the pre-Roman and Roman periods. One of the most obvious traces, by the way, is the Via Postumia, built in 147 BC by the consul Spurius Postumius Albinus Magnus and which still represents an important road artery that runs in a straight line north of Sala.

The first toponymic references, however, appear from the tenth century: Pezzan and Sala are mentioned in 996, Ospedaletto in 997, Villanova in 1014; Istrana, then, is also remembered even later (bull Justis fratrum of 1152) among the parish churches of the diocese of Treviso.
[[File:Sopwith Camel 45 Squadron Italy P00046.083.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|A group of Sopwith Camel aircraft of No. 45 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps, deployed at Istrana Airfield - December 1917]]

With the conquest of the Serenissima, the territory was at the center of the interests of the Venetian aristocracy who encouraged agriculture but also local art (some Venetian villas and the reconstructions of sacred buildings are worth mentioning).

During the First World War, Istrana was in the rear of the Piave front and housed an infirmary, while an airport linked to the hero Francesco Baracca was opened in Sala. Worthy of historical importance is the first air battle of the world aviation that took place over the skies of Istrana on December 26, 1917.

Even during World War II, it suffered bombing and reprisals due to its strategic location.<ref name=comune>{{cite web|url=http://www.halleysac.it/c026035/oc/oc_p_elenco.php?menu=53&sa=0&tipohtml=1&rrfupro=../oc/oc_p_elenco.php&nodo=1&&x=15761ea8dc43a817705ff35e29570431&fun=53&abi=0&server=&ente=c026035&DOABKPR=24&sigla=E2&fogliaClick=root_0&fnode=0#0|title= Storia del comune |editor = Comune di Istrana |accessdate= 5 April 2012}}</ref>

==Monuments and places of interest==
*Archpriest's Church
The current archpriest church of Istrana, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, dates back to 1653, while the façade was erected in 1824 to a design by the architect Andrea Bon.
With a single nave, it is decorated with elegant baroque stuccoes dating back to the 1700s. The splendid frescoes were painted around 1780 by the Venetian painter Francesco Zugno. The high altar is attributed to Giorgio Massari and preserves two canvases by the painter Amedeo Lorenzi, while an altarpiece of the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, placed on a side altar, is attributed to Palma the Younger.
*Villa Lattes
Villa Lattes was built in 1715 to a design by Giorgio Massari, it has a two-storey façade with a central gable loggia, all enriched by elegant cornices and balustrades. On the sides, the two concave barchesse, with the one on the left ending with the noble chapel that contains paintings by Jacopo Amigoni. The villa is surrounded by an elegant English park.
The interior still preserves evidence of the richness of centuries of history: antique furniture, collections and valuables still remain to characterize a real house-museum.
*The airport
On 21 November 1981, the airport, where the Treviso Istrana weather station is located, hosted a race between Gilles Villeneuve, driving the Ferrari 126 CK, and Daniele Martinelli at the helm of an Aeritalia F-104S.

On the occasion of the Centenary of the Air Force at the Istrana base on March 28, 2023, the 51st Wing officially opened its doors to those wishing to visit the airport.<ref>[https://www.trevisotoday.it/attualita/istrana-51-stormo-open-day-22-marzo-2023.html Istrana 51º stormo open day 2023] trevisotoday.it</ref>

== Climate ==
Instrana has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''), similar to the rest of [[northern Italy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treviso-istrana.climatemps.com/|title=Istrana Climate Istrana Temperatures Istrana Weather Averages|website=www.treviso-istrana.climatemps.com|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Istrana ([[Istrana Air Base]]) (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 16.0
| Feb record high C = 22.6
| Mar record high C = 25.2
| Apr record high C = 32.0
| May record high C = 34.8
| Jun record high C = 37.4
| Jul record high C = 39.4
| Aug record high C = 39.9
| Sep record high C = 34.4
| Oct record high C = 29.2
| Nov record high C = 23.3
| Dec record high C = 16.4
| year record high C = 39.9
| Jan high C = 7.9
| Feb high C = 10.1
| Mar high C = 14.7
| Apr high C = 19.3
| May high C = 24.3
| Jun high C = 28.3
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 30.4
| Sep high C = 25.2
| Oct high C = 19.1
| Nov high C = 13.1
| Dec high C = 8.6
| year high C = 19.3
| Jan mean C = 3.2
| Feb mean C = 4.7
| Mar mean C = 9.1
| Apr mean C = 13.5
| May mean C = 18.5
| Jun mean C = 22.6
| Jul mean C = 24.7
| Aug mean C = 24.4
| Sep mean C = 19.4
| Oct mean C = 14.1
| Nov mean C = 8.8
| Dec mean C = 4.1
| year mean C = 13.9
| Jan low C = -0.7
| Feb low C = 0.1
| Mar low C = 4.0
| Apr low C = 8.0
| May low C = 12.9
| Jun low C = 17.0
| Jul low C = 19.0
| Aug low C = 18.9
| Sep low C = 14.4
| Oct low C = 10.0
| Nov low C = 5.2
| Dec low C = 0.4
| year low C = 9.1
| Jan record low C = -10.0
| Feb record low C = -15.4
| Mar record low C = -8.4
| Apr record low C = -4.6
| May record low C = 3.0
| Jun record low C = 6.6
| Jul record low C = 9.8
| Aug record low C = 8.6
| Sep record low C = 5.5
| Oct record low C = -1.4
| Nov record low C = -7.3
| Dec record low C = -13.0
| year record low C = -15.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 45.12
| Feb precipitation mm = 56.04
| Mar precipitation mm = 60.69
| Apr precipitation mm = 85.92
| May precipitation mm = 107.49
| Jun precipitation mm = 85.39
| Jul precipitation mm = 73.71
| Aug precipitation mm = 75.88
| Sep precipitation mm = 95.19
| Oct precipitation mm = 93.72
| Nov precipitation mm = 100.33
| Dec precipitation mm = 64.04
| year precipitation mm = 943.52
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5.20
| Feb precipitation days = 5.13
| Mar precipitation days = 5.80
| Apr precipitation days = 8.67
| May precipitation days = 9.43
| Jun precipitation days = 8.50
| Jul precipitation days = 7.07
| Aug precipitation days = 6.53
| Sep precipitation days = 7.30
| Oct precipitation days = 7.23
| Nov precipitation days = 8.31
| Dec precipitation days = 6.23
| year precipitation days = 85.40
| Jan humidity = 77.16
| Feb humidity = 73.00
| Mar humidity = 70.17
| Apr humidity = 69.23
| May humidity = 68.42
| Jun humidity = 68.04
| Jul humidity = 67.47
| Aug humidity = 67.86
| Sep humidity = 70.07
| Oct humidity = 75.65
| Nov humidity = 78.79
| Dec humidity = 77.94
| year humidity = 71.98
| Jan dew point C = -0.09
| Feb dew point C = 0.31
| Mar dew point C = 3.68
| Apr dew point C = 7.72
| May dew point C = 12.20
| Jun dew point C = 16.07
| Jul dew point C = 17.83
| Aug dew point C = 17.80
| Sep dew point C = 14.04
| Oct dew point C = 10.34
| Nov dew point C = 5.69
| Dec dew point C = 1.03
| year dew point C = 8.88
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/TrevisoIstrana_16098.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Istrana
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = February 3, 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Demographic evolution ==
<timeline>
Colors=
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bar:1881 text:1881
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bar:1931 text:1931
bar:1936 text:1936
bar:1951 text:1951
bar:1961 text:1961
bar:1971 text:1971
bar:1981 text:1981
bar:1991 text:1991
bar:2001 text:2001
bar:2011 text:2011
bar:2021 text:2021

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bar:1871 from: 0 till:2870
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bar:1921 from: 0 till:4955
bar:1931 from: 0 till:5033
bar:1936 from: 0 till:5036
bar:1951 from: 0 till:5346
bar:1961 from: 0 till:5373
bar:1971 from: 0 till:5701
bar:1981 from: 0 till:6315
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bar:2001 from: 0 till:7754
bar:2011 from: 0 till:9036
bar:2021 from: 0 till:9088

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bar:1871 at:2870 fontsize:XS text: 2870 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1881 at:3202 fontsize:XS text: 3202 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1901 at:3665 fontsize:XS text: 3665 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1911 at:4352 fontsize:XS text: 4352 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1921 at:4955 fontsize:XS text: 4955 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1931 at:5033 fontsize:XS text: 5033 shift:(-8,5)
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bar:1961 at:5373 fontsize:XS text: 5373 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1971 at:5701 fontsize:XS text: 5701 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1981 at:6315 fontsize:XS text: 6315 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1991 at:6916 fontsize:XS text: 6916 shift:(-8,5)
bar:2001 at:7754 fontsize:XS text: 7754 shift:(-8,5)
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text:Data from ISTAT

</timeline>

=== Foreign ethnicities and minorities ===
As of December 31, 2022, foreigners residents in the municipality were {{formatnum:744}}, i.e. {{formatnum:8.1}}% of the population. The largest groups are shown below:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/str2022/index.html|editor=ISTAT|title=Demographic balance and foreign resident population as at 31 December 2022 by gender and citizenship|accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tuttitalia.it/veneto/49-istrana/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2023/ Foreign citizens] tuttiitalia.it</ref>
# [[Kosovo]] {{formatnum:172}}
# [[Romania]] {{formatnum:126}}
# [[China]] {{formatnum:117}}
# [[Republic of Macedonia|North Macedonia]] {{formatnum:42}}
# [[Albania]] {{formatnum:39}}
# [[Morocco]] {{formatnum:36}}
# [[Senegal]] {{formatnum:28}}
# [[Nigeria]] {{formatnum:11}}

==Twin towns==
Istrana is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:

* {{flagicon|France}} [[Grenade, Haute-Garonne]], France, since 1989
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Lapa, Paraná]], Brazil, since 2002

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.istrana.it/ www.istrana.it/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221053053/http://www.istrana.it/ |date=2006-02-21 }}

{{clear}}
{{Province of Treviso}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Veneto]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istralandia

2024-03-27T06:54:46Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Water park in Croatia}} {{Infobox amusement park | name = Istralandia | image = Aquapark Istralandia from air.jpg | caption = | resort = | location = Brtonigla | location2 = Istria County | location3 = Croatia | coordinates = {{coord|45.346730|N|13.617147|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Water park in Croatia}}
{{Infobox amusement park
| name = Istralandia
| image = Aquapark Istralandia from air.jpg
| caption =
| resort =
| location = [[Brtonigla]]
| location2 = [[Istria County]]
| location3 = [[Croatia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|45.346730|N|13.617147|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| theme =
| homepage = {{url|http://www.istralandia.hr}}
| owner =
| general_manager =
| operator =
| opening_date = {{Start date|2014|06|21|df=y}}<ref name="Ipress"/>
| closing_date = 
| previous_names =
| season = Late May through late September<ref name="Istra.hr"/>
| visitors = 180,000 (2015)<ref name="total-croatia"/>
| area = {{convert|81000|m2|abbr=on}}
| rides =
| coasters =
| water_rides = 12<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istralandia.hr/en/slides/bunga-hole/|title=Slides|work=istralandia.hr|publisher=Istralandia|accessdate=27 June 2017}}</ref>
| slogan = The most entertaining water in Istria<ref name="Istralandia main"/>
| footnotes =
}}

'''Istralandia''' is a [[water park]] in [[Brtonigla]] municipality, [[Istria County]], [[Croatia]]. It is located near the road that leads from [[Novigrad, Istria County|Novigrad]] to [[Nova Vas, Brtonigla|Nova Vas]], approximately {{convert|5|km|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} from the [[Adriatic Sea]]. Opened for visitors in June 2014, it was the first Croatian water park.<ref name="total-croatia"/><ref name="HRT"/>

Istralandia water park covers the area of {{convert|81000|m2|acre|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Istra.hr"/> It features a {{convert|2500|m2|abbr=on}} [[wave pool]], the largest in the Mediterranean, and 20 water slides with the total length of {{convert|1.2|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Ipress"/>

==Awards==
Aquapark Istralandia won a special award for the entrepreneurial project of the year in the category of new parks in Europe at the 13th Best Amusement Parks Award Ceremony, which took place in Rome on 25 October 2014.
The Parksmania award is a prestigious recognition awarded by the Parksmania.it magazine to the best amusement parks in Italy and Europe.

In the 2016 Euro Attractions Show in Barcelona, hosted by the [[International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions]], a 34-member international jury ranked Istralandia 5th among more than 300 water parks in Europe.<ref name="Poslovni 2016"/>

==Sources==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="HRT">{{cite web | url=http://vijesti.hrt.hr/otvoren-prvi-vodeni-park-u-hrvatskoj | title="Istralandia" - deset milijuna eura vrijedna investicija | date=19 June 2014 | language=Croatian | work=hrt.hr | publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]] | accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Ipress">{{cite web | url=http://ipress.rtl.hr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32933:istralandia-u-subotu-otvara-vrata-posjetiteljima&catid=35:istra&Itemid=54 | title=Istralandia u subotu otvara vrata posjetiteljima| date=16 June 2014 | work=ipress.rtl.hr | language=Croatian | accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Istra.hr">{{cite web | url=http://www.istra.hr/en/attractions-and-activities/children-and-family/entertainment/6781-ch-0?&l_over=1 | title=Istralandia Aquapark | work=istra.hr | publisher=Istria Tourist Board | accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Istralandia main">{{cite web | url=http://www.istralandia.hr/en/ | title=Aquapark Istralandia | work=istralandia.hr | accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Poslovni 2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.poslovni.hr/hrvatska/istarski-vodeni-park-meu-pet-najboljih-u-europi-318276 | title=Istarski vodeni park među pet najboljih u Europi | date=24 September 2016 | work=[[Poslovni dnevnik]] | language=Croatian | accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="total-croatia">{{cite web | url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/item/13191-istralandia-a-visit-to-croatia-s-first-aquapark | title=Istralandia, a Visit to Croatia's First Aquapark | date=22 July 2016 | work=Total Croatia News | accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{official|http://www.istralandia.hr/en/}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:Istria County]]
[[Category:Water parks in Croatia]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istradefylline

2024-03-27T06:54:44Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Chemical compound}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox drug | verifiedrevid = 443805396 | drug_name = | INN = | type =  | image = Istradefylline structure.svg | width = | alt =  | pronounce = | tradename = Nouriast, Nourian...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox drug
| verifiedrevid = 443805396
| drug_name =
| INN =
| type = 
| image = Istradefylline structure.svg
| width =
| alt =


| pronounce =
| tradename = Nouriast, Nourianz
| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|nourianz}}
| MedlinePlus =
| licence_CA = 
| licence_EU = 
| DailyMedID = Istradefylline
| licence_US = 
| pregnancy_AU = 
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_category =
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]]
| class =
| ATCvet =
| ATC_prefix = N04
| ATC_suffix = CX01
| ATC_supplemental =


| legal_AU = 
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_BR = 
| legal_BR_comment =
| legal_CA = 
| legal_CA_comment =
| legal_DE = 
| legal_DE_comment =
| legal_NZ = 
| legal_NZ_comment =
| legal_UK = 
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Nourianz- istradefylline tablet, film coated | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a7d008cb-b273-4049-a5d2-9c6902910d58 | access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
| legal_UN = 
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = 


| bioavailability =
| protein_bound = 98%
| metabolism = Mainly [[CYP1A1]], [[CYP3A4]], and [[CYP3A5]]
| metabolites =
| onset =
| elimination_half-life = 64–69 hrs
| duration_of_action =
| excretion = 68% faeces, 18% urine


| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 155270-99-8
| CAS_supplemental =
| PubChem = 5311037
| IUPHAR_ligand = 5608
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB11757
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4470574
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 2GZ0LIK7T4
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D04641
| ChEBI =
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 431770
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| PDB_ligand =
| synonyms = KW-6002


| IUPAC_name = 8-[(''E'')-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]-1,3-diethyl-7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1''H''-purine-2,6-dione
| C=20 | H=24 | N=4 | O=4
| SMILES = O=C2N(c1nc(n(c1C(=O)N2CC)C)\C=C\c3ccc(OC)c(OC)c3)CC
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C20H24N4O4/c1-6-23-18-17(19(25)24(7-2)20(23)26)22(3)16(21-18)11-9-13-8-10-14(27-4)15(12-13)28-5/h8-12H,6-7H2,1-5H3/b11-9+
| StdInChI_comment =
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = IQVRBWUUXZMOPW-PKNBQFBNSA-N
| density =
| density_notes =
| melting_point =
| melting_high =
| melting_notes =
| boiling_point =
| boiling_notes =
| solubility =
| sol_units =
| specific_rotation =
}}


'''Istradefylline''', sold under the brand name '''Nourianz''', is a medication used as an add-on treatment to [[levodopa]]/[[carbidopa]] in adults with [[Parkinson's disease]] (PD) experiencing "off" episodes.<ref name=FDA2019>{{cite press release | title=FDA approves new add-on drug to treat off episodes in adults with Parkinson's disease | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=27 August 2019 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-add-drug-treat-episodes-adults-parkinsons-disease | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904020914/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-add-drug-treat-episodes-adults-parkinsons-disease | archive-date=4 September 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=29 August 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="FDA Snapshot">{{cite web | title=Drug Trials Snapshots: Nourianz | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=23 September 2019 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-trials-snapshots-nourianz | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120053608/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-trials-snapshots-nourianz | archive-date=20 November 2019 | url-status=live | access-date=19 November 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cabreira V, Soares-da-Silva P, Massano J | title = Contemporary Options for the Management of Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease: Updated Clinical Review | journal = Drugs | volume = 79 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–608 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30905034 | doi = 10.1007/s40265-019-01098-w | s2cid = 85456263 }}</ref> Istradefylline reduces "off" periods resulting from long-term treatment with the [[Management of Parkinson's disease#Medication|antiparkinson drug]] [[levodopa]].<ref name=FDA2019/> An "off" episode is a time when a patient's medications are not working well, causing an increase in PD symptoms, such as tremor and difficulty walking.<ref name=FDA2019 />

Relatively common side effects include involuntary muscle movements ([[dyskinesia]]), constipation, hallucinations, dizziness and, much like its parent molecule [[caffeine]], nausea and sleeplessness.<ref name=FDA2019/>

The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) considers it to be a [[first-in-class medication]].<ref>{{cite web | title=New Drug Therapy Approvals 2019 | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=31 December 2019 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/new-drugs-fda-cders-new-molecular-entities-and-new-therapeutic-biological-products/new-drug-therapy-approvals-2019 | access-date=15 September 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Mechanism of action==
Istradefylline is a selective [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] at the [[Adenosine A2a receptor|adenosine A2A receptor]] (A2AR), but the precise mechanism by which it exerts its therapeutic effect in Parkinson's disease is unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mechanism of Action|url=http://www.nourianzhcp.com/mechanism-of-action |access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref> However, it is known that [[Protein dimer|dimers]] of these receptors form [[heterotetramer]]s with the dimers of [[Dopamine receptor D2|dopamine D2 receptors]] (D2R) within [[striatum]]. [[Adenosine]] acts as an endogenous A2AR agonist, but also as a [[negative allosteric modulator]] (NAM) within these tetramers towards D2Rs, thus inhibiting the D2R mediated effects of [[dopamine]], an endogenous D2R agonist. Istradefylline is believed to bind an A2AR within an A2AR-D2R-tetramer and function as a NAM towards the other A2AR (instead of D2R), thus inhibiting the effects of adenosine and enhancing the movement (locomotion) promoting effects exerted by dopamine via D2R. However, at high istradefylline concentration, it causes locomotion depression akin to [[caffeine]] (which is a broad-spectrum adenosine receptor antagonist), and might do so by displacing adenosine, and working as a NAM towards D2R (instead of A2AR).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferré S, Díaz-Ríos M, Salamone JD, Prediger RD | title = New Developments on the Adenosine Mechanisms of the Central Effects of Caffeine and Their Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders | journal = Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 121–131 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30596206 | pmc = 6306650 | doi = 10.1089/caff.2018.0017 }}</ref>

== Adverse effects ==
The adverse effects of Istradefylline have only been studied in the context of treating "off" episodes in Parkinson's disease. The most common adverse effects of Istradefylline in clinical trials are dyskinesia exacerbation (roughly 9% increase relative to placebo), malaise, and [[Common cold|nasopharyngitis]] (common cold).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shimo Y, Maeda T, Chiu SW, Yamaguchi T, Kashihara K, Tsuboi Y, Nomoto M, Hattori N, Watanabe H, Saiki H | display-authors = 6 | title = Influence of istradefylline on non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: A subanalysis of a 1-year observational study in Japan (J-FIRST) | journal = Parkinsonism & Related Disorders | volume = 91 | pages = 115–120 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34583302 | doi = 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.015 | s2cid = 238218741 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kondo T, Mizuno Y | title = A long-term study of istradefylline safety and efficacy in patients with Parkinson disease | journal = Clinical Neuropharmacology | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 41–46 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25768849 | doi = 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000073 | s2cid = 7309419 }}</ref>

==History==
It was first approved in Japan in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dungo R, Deeks ED | title = Istradefylline: first global approval | journal = Drugs | volume = 73 | issue = 8 | pages = 875–882 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23700273 | doi = 10.1007/s40265-013-0066-7 | s2cid = 35937325 }}</ref>

The effectiveness of Nourianz in treating "off" episodes in patients with Parkinson's disease who are already being treated with levodopa/carbidopa was shown in four 12-week placebo-controlled clinical studies that included a total of 1,143 participants. In all four studies, people treated with Nourianz experienced a statistically significant decrease from baseline in daily "off" time compared to patients receiving a placebo.<ref name=FDA2019 /><ref name="FDA Snapshot" />

It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2019.<ref name=FDA2019/><ref name="FDA Snapshot" /><ref name="FDA approval">{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Nourianz | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2019/022075Orig1s000TOC.cfm }}</ref> and approval was granted to Kyowa Kirin, Inc.<ref name=FDA2019 />

== Possible use for the treatment of nAMD ==
ADORA2A inhibition with Istradefylline may be a therapeutic approach to treat subretinal fibrosis associated with [[Macular degeneration|neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)]], the leading cause of vision loss in older adults.<ref>Qiuhua Yang et al. (Mar 2024). "Inactivation of adenosine receptor 2A suppresses endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inhibits subretinal fibrosis in mice". ''SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE'', 16(737) {{DOI|10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3868}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web| url = https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/istradefylline | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine| work = Drug Information Portal| title = Istradefylline }}

{{Antiparkinson agents}}
{{Adenosinergics}}
{{Stimulants}}
{{Portal bar | Medicine}}

[[Category:Adenosine receptor antagonists]]
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Английская Википедия:Istrabenz

2024-03-27T06:54:39Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Infobox company | name = Istrabenz | logo = Istrabenz.svg | type = public company | foundation = 1948 | location = Koper, Slovenia | key_people = Igor Bavčar, CEO | num_employees = 4,722 (2007) | revenue = {{up}} US$941 million (2007) | industry = Conglomerate | homepage = [http://...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Istrabenz
| logo = Istrabenz.svg
| type = [[public company]]
| foundation = 1948
| location = [[Koper]], [[Slovenia]]
| key_people = Igor Bavčar, CEO
| num_employees = 4,722 (2007)
| revenue = {{up}} US$941 million (2007)
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| homepage = [http://www.istrabenz.si/eng/ www.istrabenz.si]
}}

'''Istrabenz''' is a Slovenian [[holding company]], one of the largest in [[Slovenia]] with a total of 73 companies under its management.

== Activities ==

* Food (24 companies): Droga Kolinska d.d., Grand Kafa AD Beograd, Štark AD Beograd, Palanački Kiseljak AD Smederevska Palanka
* Investments (10 companies)
* Tourism (8 companies): Istrabenz Marina Invest d.o.o., Istrabenz Turizem d.d. Portorož, Marina Koper d.o.o., Istrabenz Hoteli d.o.o. Portorož, Imperial Palace d.o.o.
* Energy (18 companies): Instalacija d.o.o. Koper

== History ==
Istrabenz entered the [[Ljubljana Stock Exchange]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elements-capital.com/news/elements-acquires-debt-claims-of-istrabenz-holdings|title=Elements acquires debt claims of Istrabenz Holdings|website=Elements-capital.com|date=June 2015|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

Istrabenz financed the growth of [[Openad]] until the holding ran out of cash in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewcave/2014/11/05/the-f-word-for-business-leaders-and-how-to-use-it-to-your-advantage/#790c1d525126|title=How Business Leaders Can Use Fatigue And Depression To Their Advantage|website=Forbes.com|date=5 November 2014|author=Andrew Cave |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

From 2002 to 2009, the company was headed by [[Igor Bavčar]], Slovenia's former interior minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnevnik.si/1042255874/posel/novice/1042255874|title=Maratonska seja zaključena: Igor Bavčar odstopil z mesta predsednika uprave Istrabenza|website=Dnevnik.si|date=31 March 2009|author=Primož Cirman|language=sl|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref> In September 2009, Igor Bavčar was detained on suspicions of corruption and money laundering while he was head of Istrabenz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/slovenian-police-detain-two-former-managers-corruption-charges-2219436|title=Slovenian police detain two former managers on corruption charges|website=Topnews.in|date=9 September 2009|author=Sukhpreet Manchanda|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

In July 2010, Istrabenz sold major food manufacturer [[Droga Kolinska]] to [[Atlantic Grupa]] for €382 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6a55b830-00d9-11e0-aa29-00144feab49a.html#axzz4DfU2nafu|title=Profile: Atlantic Grupa|website=Ft.com|date=6 December 2010|author=Neil MacDonald|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mladina.si/83920/01-07-2010-droga_kolinska__160_je_last_hrvaskega_atlantic_grupa/|title=Droga Kolinska je last hrvaškega Atlantic Grupa|website=Mladina.si|date=1 July 2010|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

In September 2015, Istrabenz sold the [[Kempinski Palace Portorož]] for $25 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtvslo.si/gospodarstvo/portoroski-hotel-kempinski-prodan-za-25-milijonov-evrov/373798|title=Portoroški hotel Kempinski prodan za 25 milijonov evrov|website=Rtvslo.si|date=11 September 2015|language=sl|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref> In March 2016, Istrabenz Turizem sold the Grand Hotel Adriatic in [[Opatija]] to Croatian company Teri-trgovina as part of a disinvestment program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seenews.com/news/slovenias-istrabenz-unit-completes-sale-of-grand-hotel-adriatic-opatija-to-croatian-company-518946|title=Slovenia's Istrabenz unit completes sale of Grand Hotel Adriatic Opatija to Croatian company|website=Seenews.com|date=29 March 2016|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

In June 2016, Istrabenz sold the remaining 51% it held in Istrabenz plini (gas subsidiary) to Italian {{ill|Siad (company)|lt=Siad|it|Siad}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.sta.si/2273643/istrabenz-offloads-gas-subsidiary|title=Istrabenz offloads gas subsidiary|website=Sta.si|date=13 June 2016|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.istrabenz.si/eng/ Company website]

[[Category:Holding companies of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Oil and gas companies of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Hospitality companies of Europe]]
[[Category:Hospitality companies established in 1948]]

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Английская Википедия:Istra rolling hills

2024-03-27T06:54:38Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Nature park in Latvia}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Istra Hillock Nature Park | iucn_category = II | alt_name = Istras pauguraine | photo = Vecslobodas apkārtne 1.jpg | photo_width = 240 | photo_caption = | map = Latvia | relief = 1 | map_width = 240 | map_caption = | location = Latvia, Latgale, Ludza Municipality | nearest_city = Ludza |...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Nature park in Latvia}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Istra Hillock Nature Park
| iucn_category = II
| alt_name = Istras pauguraine
| photo = Vecslobodas apkārtne 1.jpg
| photo_width = 240
| photo_caption =
| map = Latvia
| relief = 1
| map_width = 240
| map_caption =
| location = [[Latvia]], [[Latgale]], [[Ludza Municipality]]
| nearest_city = [[Ludza]]
| coordinates = {{coord|56|16|12|N|28|02|35|E|region:LV|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|8.67|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} <ref name="planet">[https://www.protectedplanet.net/37072 Istras Pauguraine] ''Protected Planet'' </ref> <ref name="EEA">[https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/LV0301300 Istras pauguraine] [[European Environment Agency]]</ref>
| established = 1977
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url =
| embedded =
}}

'''Istra rolling hills''' ({{lang-lv|Istras pauguraine}}) is [[nature park]] in [[Istra Parish]], [[Ludza Municipality]], [[Latgale]], [[Latvia]]. The landscape protection area '''Istra rolling hills''' is located between Lake Šķaune and Lake Maroksna in Latgale upland and Rāznava hills.

This conservation area was first established in 1977 and measured only 340 ha at that time. It was created to protect the more forested part of the landscape with articulated terrain, pines, spruces and [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|broad-leaved forest]]s, a significant part of which are excessively moist [[European alder]] forests. Now the protected area extends to the eastern shores of [[Lake Škaune]].

Located in the landscape protection area near former village Pavlova an ancient [[burial ground]] ''Pavlovas'' ( {{coord|56.281720067971|N|28.088526589616|E|region:LV|display=inline}} )<ref>[http://www.vietas.lv/eng/objekts/pavlovas_senkapi/ Pavlova ancient burial ground] Vietas guide of Latvia.</ref> is also under protection.<ref>[https://www.ludzasbiblio.lv/en/culture-and-history-database/culture/culture-and-heritage-monuments/castle-mounds-and-ancient-burial-sites/pavlovas-ancient-burial-place/ Pavlovas ancient burial place.] Ludzas pilsētas galvenā bibliotēka.</ref>

Today, protected area is 866 ha. This is also the [[Natura 2000]] area.<ref>{{in lang|lv}} [https://www.daba.gov.lv/public/lat/iadt/dabas_parki/talsu_pauguraine/ Information about the landscape protection area]</ref>
== Flora ==
There are two protected plant species — [[hairy agrimony]] (''[[Agrimonia pilosa]]'') and [[Pulsatilla patens|cutleaf anemone]] (''[[Pulsatilla patens]]'').<ref name="EEA" />
== Fauna ==
There are 16 protected species of birds — [[lesser spotted eagle]] (''[[Aquila pomarina]]''), [[hazel grouse]] (''[[Bonasa bonasia]]''), [[black tern]] (''[[Chlidonias niger]]''), [[white stork]] (''[[Ciconia ciconia]]''), [[black stork]] (''[[Ciconia nigra]]''), [[marsh harrier]] (''[[Circus aeruginosus]]''), [[corncrake]] (''[[Crex crex]]''), [[white-backed woodpecker]] (''[[Dendrocopos leucotos]]''), [[black woodpecker]] (''[[Dryocopus martius]]''), [[white-tailed eagle]] (''[[Haliaeetus albicilla]]''), [[red-backed shrike]] (''[[Lanius collurio]]''), [[black kite]] (''[[Milvus migrans]]''), [[osprey]] (''[[Pandion haliaetus]]''), [[European honey buzzard|honey buzzard]] (''[[Pernis apivorus]]''), [[common tern]] (''[[Sterna hirundo]]''), [[Black Grouse|black grouse (continental subspecies)]] (''[[Tetrao tetrix|Tetrao tetrix tetrix]]''). <ref name="EEA" />

== References ==
{{Commons category|Istra Hills Nature Park}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Latvia}}

[[Category:Natura 2000 in Latvia]]
[[Category:Nature parks in Latvia]]
[[Category:Ludza Municipality]]

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{{Latgale-geo-stub}}
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Английская Википедия:Istra Parish

2024-03-27T06:54:34Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Parish of Latvia}} {{Infobox settlement/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Istra Parish''' ({{lang-lv|Istras pagasts}}) is an administrative territorial entity of Ludza Municipality, Latvia. == Towns, villages and settlements of Istra Parish == * == References == {{Reflist}} {{Cities and parishes of Ludza District}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|56|14|38|N...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Parish of Latvia}}
{{Infobox settlement/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL}}
'''Istra Parish''' ({{lang-lv|Istras pagasts}}) is an administrative territorial entity of [[Ludza Municipality]], [[Latvia]].

== Towns, villages and settlements of Istra Parish ==
*

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cities and parishes of Ludza District}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|56|14|38|N|27|58|01|E|region:LV|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istra Parish}}
[[Category:Parishes of Latvia]]
[[Category:Ludza Municipality]]

{{latgale-geo-stub}}
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Английская Википедия:Istra High Voltage Research Center

2024-03-27T06:54:30Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Research institute in the Soviet Union}} {{Infobox military installation | caption= | coordinates={{coord|55|55|26.15|N|36|49|10.97|E|}} | country=Russia | dates=1970s{{Spaced ndash}}present (since 1991 only in intermittent use) | image= | map_type=European Russia#Russia Moscow Oblast | name=High Voltage Research Center | nearest_town=Istra, Istrinsky District...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Research institute in the Soviet Union}}
{{Infobox military installation
| caption=
| coordinates={{coord|55|55|26.15|N|36|49|10.97|E|}}
| country=[[Russia]]
| dates=1970s{{Spaced ndash}}present (since 1991 only in intermittent use)
| image=
| map_type=European Russia#Russia Moscow Oblast
| name=High Voltage Research Center
| nearest_town=[[Istra, Istrinsky District, Moscow Oblast]]
| nuclear_tests=
| operator=[[Soviet Union]], [[Russia]]
| site_area=
| status=Mostly inactive
| subcritical_tests=
| type=[[Directed-energy weapon|Energy weapon]] testing, mixed use
}}

The '''High Voltage Research Center (HVRC)''' ({{Lang-ru|Высоковольтный научно-исследовательский центр}}), also called the '''Tesla Generators Research Facility''', is a testing facility built in the 1970s outside the town of [[Istra, Istrinsky District, Moscow Oblast|Istra]], {{Cvt|40|km}} west of Moscow, operated by the [[Moscow Power Engineering Institute]].

==Description==
The facility is notable for containing what is believed to be the world's largest [[Marx generator]], which was originally created to help test lightning insulation in military aircraft. The facility has several huge [[Tesla coil]]s on the facility grounds, some of which range over 20 stories in height. Combined these create what the Soviets nicknamed a "lightning machine."<ref name=":0" />

In all the facility contains a 3 megawatt capacity transformer cascade, a 9 megawatt Pulsed Voltage Generator (PVG), measuring 39.3 meters high and capable of creating 150-meter artificial lightning, and a 2.25 megawatt constant voltage unit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/soviet-lightning-machine-abandoned-in-the-russian-forest|title=The Soviet Lightning Machine Abandoned in a Russian Forest|date=2014-07-10|work=Atlas Obscura|access-date=2017-05-12|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Originally built sometime in the 1970s, the facility was at first used for a mix of military and scientific testing being maintained by the [[Moscow Power Engineering Institute]].

After the fall of the Soviet Union the facility became mostly inactive, only being used on occasion for private-sector testing, including testing of the lightning strike resistance of the [[Sukhoi Superjet 100]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Pictured+Drone+Survives+Flyover+of+Russias+Largest+Artificial+Lightning+Generator/article37172.htm|title=DailyTech - Pictured: Drone Survives Flyover of Russia's Largest Artificial Lightning Generator|website=www.dailytech.com|access-date=2017-05-12|archive-date=2017-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505163858/http://www.dailytech.com/Pictured+Drone+Survives+Flyover+of+Russias+Largest+Artificial+Lightning+Generator/article37172.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Marx generator is rarely turned on today, with the last recorded use being in August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/abandoned-marx-generator|title=Abandoned Marx Generator|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en|access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref>

===Dome===
Construction of a large ovoidal dome, officially named the "High-voltage test bench of the enterprise R-6511" ({{lang-ru|"Высоковольтный испытательный стенд предприятия Р-6511"}}), but also known as the "{{ill|Istra dome|ru|Истринский купол}}", began in 1982. The building was to be used as an [[electromagnetic pulse]] (EMP) weapons testing facility, with commissioning planned for the fourth quarter of 1985, but construction was never completed: the dome collapsed in the morning of {{Date|1985-01-25}}, and was later demolished.<ref name="Величайший «Купол» науки из Истры / Хабр">{{cite web | title=Величайший «Купол» науки из Истры / Хабр | website=Хабр | date=2017-03-10 | url=https://habr.com/ru/companies/vk/articles/402165/ | language=ru | access-date=2023-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Instalaciones de investigación de alta tensión de la URSS: El sueño húmedo de Tesla | website=Rusadas | url=http://www.rusadas.com/2013/12/instalaciones-de-investigacion-de-altas.html | language=es | access-date=2023-09-14}}</ref>

This resulted in {{ill|I. N. Dmitriev|ru|Дмитриев, Иван Николаевич (партийный деятель)}}, head of the [[Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Construction Department of the CPSU Central Committee]], being removed from his post and replaced by [[Boris Yeltsin]] in April 1985. Yeltsin would later would serve as the first [[President of Russia|President of the Russian Federation]].

After the dome's collapse, thousands of tons of reinforced concrete were removed from the site.

Later a facility called the "Stationary electromagnetic pulse simulator 'Allure'" ({{Lang-ru|"Стационарный имитатор электромагнитного импульса 'Аллюр'"}}), or simply "Allure", was built on the former site of the dome. "Allure" was used for testing the resistance of equipment to the effects of natural and man-made EMPs.<ref name="Величайший «Купол» науки из Истры / Хабр" />

==See also==
* [[Bely Rast High Voltage Research Station]]
* [[ATLAS-I]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Science and technology in Russia]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Electronic test equipment]]
[[Category:Energy research institutes]]
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Английская Википедия:Istra Ezhik

2024-03-27T06:54:29Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} __NOTOC__  {|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin | name=Istra Ezhik | image= | caption= }}{{Infobox Aircraft Type | type=Agricultural aircraft | national origin=Russian Federation | manufacturer=Istra Experimental Mechanics Depot |...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
__NOTOC__

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
| name=Istra Ezhik
| image=
| caption=
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
| type=Agricultural aircraft
| national origin=[[Russian Federation]]
| manufacturer=[[Istra Experimental Mechanics Depot]]
| designer=
| first flight=
| introduced=
| retired=
| status=
| primary user=
| number built=
| developed from=
| variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Istra Ezhik''' ([[English language|en: Small hedgehog]]) is a [[Russian Federation|Russian]] agricultural aircraft designed and developed by Istra (Istra Experimental Mechanics Depot).<ref name="jackson" />

==Design and development==
The Ezhik design begun in 1999 and first exhibited in August 2005 and flew some time after.<ref name="jackson" /> The Ezhik is a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a Walter Minor M-337A engine.<ref name="jackson" /> It first appeared with a conventional single fin but was later modified with twin rectangular fins.<ref name="jackson" /> It has a raised and enclosed cockpit with two tandem-seats and a [[conventional landing gear]] with a tailwheel.<ref name="jackson" /> The Ezhik has a welded steel tube fuselage with aluminium skin forward of the cockpit with the rest of the fuselage and tail fabric covered.<ref name="jackson" /> It has a monospar wing and a chemical hopper in the fuselage feeds eight rotary atomisers fitted beneath the wings.<ref name="jackson" />

==Specifications==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2008-2009<ref name="jackson" />
|prime units? = met
|crew=2
|length m=9.20
|length ft=30
|length in=2.25
|span m=12.00
|span ft=39
|span in=4.5
|height m=3.05
|height ft=10
|height in=0
|wing area sqm=24.25
|wing area sqft=261
|empty weight kg=650
|empty weight lb=1433
|gross weight kg=1150
|gross weight lb=2535
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=Walter Minor M-337A engine
|eng1 kw=157
|eng1 hp=210
|max speed kmh=180
|max speed mph=112
|range km=1000
|range miles=621
|climb rate ms=4,5
|climb rate ftmin=885
}}

{{aircontent

|see also=
|related=
|similar aircraft=
|sequence=
|lists=
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="jackson">Jackson 2008, pp. 462-463</ref>
}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor=Paul Jackson |title= Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2008-2009 |year= 2008|publisher= Jane's Information Group|location= Coulsdon, Surrey, England|isbn=978-0-7106-2837-4}}
{{refend}}


[[Category:Agricultural aircraft]]
[[Category:2000s Russian civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Conventional landing gear]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]

Английская Википедия:Istra 1961–Rijeka rivalry

2024-03-27T06:54:25Z

EducationBot: Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{ infobox football derby | name = Rijeka vs Istra 1961 (Rijeka–Pula derby) | other names = Regionalni derbi, susjedski derbi, derbi della Učka | image = | caption = | city or region = Rijeka and Pula, Croatia | first contested = 18 September 2004 (official) | teams involved...»

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{ infobox football derby
| name = Rijeka vs Istra 1961 (Rijeka–Pula derby)
| other names = Regionalni derbi, susjedski derbi, derbi della Učka
| image =
| caption =
| city or region = [[Rijeka]] and [[Pula]], [[Croatia]]
| first contested = 18 September 2004 (official)
| teams involved = [[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] and [[NK Istra 1961|Istra 1961]]
| most wins = Rijeka (48)
| most player appearances = [[Fausto Budicin]] (15)
| top scorer = [[Antonio Čolak]] (9)
| mostrecent = {{nowrap|Rijeka 3–0 Istra 1961}} [[2023–24 Croatian Football League|2023–24 Prva HNL]] (4 February 2024)
| nextmeeting = 13 April 2024
| total = 79 (76 league)
| largestvictory = {{nowrap|Istra 1961 0–7 Rijeka}} (4 May 2019)
}}

The '''Rijeka–Pula derby''', also called '''Derby della Učka''' (Derby della Monte Maggiore) is the name given to matches between [[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] and [[NK Istra 1961|Istra 1961]]. It is a regional derby between football clubs from [[Croatia|Croatia's]] two largest northern coastal cities, [[Rijeka]] and [[Pula]]. The teams are supported by their fanbases called [[Rijeka]]'s [[Armada Rijeka|Armada]] and [[Pula]]'s Demoni.

==History==
The rivalry between Rijeka and Pula dates back to the days of '''[[Kingdom of Italy]]''' in the early 1920s, when numerous clubs from ''Fiume'' (Rijeka) and ''Pola'' (Pula) met at various levels of the Italian league system. The first official match between Rijeka and Pula took place on 25 June 1920, between ''Juventus Enea Fiume'' and ''US Polese''. While numerous Rijeka/Fiume (''Juventus Enea'', CS ''Olympia'', CS ''Gloria'', CS ''Fiume'', ''Veloce'', ''Magazzini Generali'') and Pula/Pola (''Polese'', ''Grion'', ''Edera'') regularly met during this period, the most notable rivalry existed between the main club of each city, '''[[U.S. Fiumana]]''' (successor of Olympia and Gloria after 1926) and '''[[G.S.F. Giovanni Grion Pola]]'''. Between 1930 and 1943, these two clubs played 20 official matches, with [[U.S. Fiumana|Fiumana]] winning 11 and [[G.S.F. Giovanni Grion Pola|Grion]] 5 matches, alongside 4 draws.

Following the end of World War II, the two cities became part of the '''[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]'''. Like all clubs in Yugoslavia,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-31|title=Istraživanje riječke nogometne povijesti: "NK Rijeka sigurno nije osnovana 1946. godine, poveznica s Fiumanom je jako čvrsta"|url=https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/hrvatska/istrazivanje-rijecke-nogometne-povijesti-do-prije-30-ak-godina-puno-se-toga-o-rijeci-nije-smjelo-ni-pisati-ni-govoriti/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Novi list|language=en}}</ref> U.S. Fiumana got restructured into the more proletarian-friendly brand '''[[S.C.F. Quarnero]]''' in July 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Povijest|url=https://nk-rijeka.hr/klub/povijest/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=HNK RIJEKA|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HNK Rijeka predstavio monografiju "Rijeka bijelih snova"|url=https://kigo.hr/hnk-rijeka-predstavio-monografiju-rijeka-bijelih-snova/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=KIGO.hr|language=hr}}</ref> The new regime decided to invite a club from the occupied [[Julian March]] for the [[1946–47 Yugoslav First League]] and Quarnero was admitted after beating the short-lived Pula-based club '''USO (Unione Sportiva Operaia)''' in a two-legged play-off in August 1946.<ref name="istraklub">{{cite web|last=Percan|first=Anton|title=Povijest|url=http://www.nkistra.hr/index.php/klub/povijest|publisher=[[NK Istra]]|language=Croatian|accessdate=14 February 2015|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214115859/http://www.nkistra.hr/index.php/klub/povijest|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late 1947 USO merged with another local club to form '''NK Pula''', which survives today as '''[[NK Istra]]'''. The Quarnero was renamed to '''[[NK Rijeka]]''' in June 1954.<ref name="rijekapovijest">{{cite web|url=http://www.nk-rijeka.hr/povijest|title=Povijest|publisher=[[NK Rijeka]]|language=Croatian|accessdate=14 February 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214121545/http://nk-rijeka.hr/povijest|archivedate=14 February 2015}}</ref> During this period Rijeka spent most seasons playing in the [[Yugoslav First League]], while Pula clubs played in the lower tiers. Until the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991, Rijeka played 21 official fixtures against '''[[NK Istra|Istra]]''' and '''[[NK Istra 1961|Uljanik]]''', mainly during its stay in the lower divisions in the 1950s and early 1970s, and in the [[1973 Yugoslav Cup|1973]] and [[1978–79 Yugoslav Cup|1978–79]] [[Yugoslav Cup]].<ref name="povijest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hocuri.com/istra-1961-rijeka-pobjeda-u-regionalnom-derbiju-za-nastavak-niza/|title=Istra 1961-Rijeka: pobjeda u regionalnom derbiju za nastavak niza?| last=Vivoda|first=Vlado|publisher=Hocuri.com|language=Croatian|accessdate=14 February 2015}}</ref> Two other clubs from Rijeka, '''[[NK Orijent]]''' and '''NK Lučki Radnik''' met more frequently Istra and Uljanik in the lower tiers of Yugoslav football.

Since '''[[Croatia]]n''' independence, [[NK Istra|Istra]] joined Croatia's [[Prva HNL|top tier]], and local derbies became a regular feature. Between 1992 and 2000, [[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] and [[NK Istra|Istra]] met on 17 occasions, with Rijeka winning on eight and Istra on six occasions, while three matches finished in a draw. Pula did not have a top-tier club between 2000 and 2004. In 2004, ''NK Pula 1856'', former ''Uljanik'', was promoted to [[Prva HNL]]. In 2005, the club was renamed to ''NK Pula Staro Češko'', in 2006 to ''NK Pula'' and, finally, in summer 2007 to '''NK Istra 1961'''. Since July 2004, Istra 1961 and Rijeka have played 62 regional derbies, with Rijeka winning 40 and Istra 1961 6 games, while 16 matches ended in a draw.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width="120"|Competition
!width="60"|Played
!width="60"|Rijeka wins
!width="60"|Draws
!width="60"|Istra wins
!width="60"|Rijeka goals
!width="60"|Istra goals
|-
!colspan="7"|[[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] v. [[NK Istra|Istra]] (1992–2000)
|-
|[[Prva HNL]]||17||8||3||6||27||13
|-
!colspan="7"|[[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] v. [[NK Istra 1961|Istra 1961]] (2004–present)
|-
|[[Prva HNL]]||59||38||16||5||112||42
|-
|[[Croatian Football Cup|Croatian Cup]]||3||2||0||1||5||4
|-
|'''Totals'''||62||40||16||6||117||46
|-bgcolor=#EEEEEE
|'''All Time'''||'''79'''||'''48'''||'''19'''||'''12'''||'''144'''||'''59'''
|}
Last updated on 4 February 2024.

==List of matches==
===Key===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="20" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"|  
|Match ended in a [[Tie (draw)|draw]]
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"|
|Rijeka win
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"|
|Istra win
|-
|}

'''Note:''' Home team's score always shown first

===1992–2000===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;"
!width="20"|[[Game|M]]
!width="95"|[[Calendar date|Date]]
!width="60"|[[Competition]]
!width="60"|[[Stadium|Ground]]
!width="60"|[[Score (sport)|Score]]
!width="230"|[[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] scorers
!width="230"|[[NK Istra|Istra]] scorers
!width="40"|Attendance
!width="100"|Report
|-
| 1
| 7 Mar 1992
| [[1992 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Zoran Ban|Ban]]
| Dadić
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=10 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 2
| 2 May 1992
| [[1992 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 3–0
| [[Dean Ljubančić|Ljubančić]] (3)
|
| 1,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=76 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 3
| 11 Oct 1992
| [[1992–93 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 2–1
| [[Daniel Šarić|Šarić]]
|Jurić, Knežević
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=194 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 4
| 25 Apr 1993
| [[1992–93 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 0–0
|
|
| 2,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=314 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 5
| 21 Aug 1993
| [[1993–94 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 1–0
|
|Jozipović
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=379 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 6
| 27 Feb 1994
| [[1993–94 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Mladen Mladenović|Mladenović]] (2)
|
| 2,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=532 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 7
| 23 Oct 1994
| [[1994–95 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| Valkane
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 1–0
|
| [[Krunoslav Jurčić|Jurčić]]
| 2,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=744 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 8
| 30 Apr 1995
| [[1994–95 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 2–2
|Hodžić (2)
|Meštrović, Ugrčić
| 2,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=864 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 9
| 13 Sep 1995
| [[1995–96 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 4–0
| [[Davor Dželalija|Dželalija]] (2), [[Borimir Perković|Perković]], [[Andrej Živković|Živković]]
|
| 1,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=944 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 10
| 26 Nov 1995
| [[1995–96 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–1
| [[Senad Brkić|Brkić]]
|
| 2,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=1010 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 11
| 14 Apr 1996
| [[1995–96 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 1–0
|
|Fatorić
| 8,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=1192 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 12
| 22 May 1996
| [[1995–96 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 4–1
| [[Borimir Perković|Perković]] (3), [[Senad Brkić|Brkić]]
| [[Elvis Scoria|Scoria]]
| 6,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=1220 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 13
| 18 Aug 1996
| [[1996–97 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Borimir Perković|Perković]], [[Jasmin Samardžić|J. Samardžić]]
|
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=1287 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 14
| 2 Mar 1997
| [[1996–97 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–2
| Alempić ([[Own goal|o.g.]]), [[Senad Brkić|Brkić]]
|
| 3,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=1407 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 15
| 2 Oct 1999
| [[1999–2000 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 4–1
| [[Admir Hasančić|Hasančić]], [[Ante Milicic|Milicic]] (2), [[Boško Balaban|Balaban]]
| [[Saša Bjelanović|Bjelanović]]
| 3,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=1954 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 16
| 29 Feb 2000
| [[1999–2000 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 1–0
|
| Nosek
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=2020 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 17
| 25 Mar 2000
| [[1999–2000 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 2–1
| [[Božidar Čačić|Čačić]]
| Nosek, Župan
| 4,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=2048 HRnogomet.com]
|-
|}

===2004–present===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;"
!width="20"|[[Game|M]]
!width="95"|[[Calendar date|Date]]
!width="60"|[[Competition]]
!width="60"|[[Stadium|Ground]]
!width="60"|[[Score (sport)|Score]]
!width="230"|[[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]] scorers
!width="230"|[[NK Istra 1961|Istra 1961]] scorers
!width="40"|Attendance
!width="100"|Report
|-
| 1
| 18 Sep 2004
| [[2004–05 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Veruda|Veruda]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 0–0
|
|
| 3,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=3863 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 2
| 26 Feb 2005
| [[2004–05 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Dragan Tadić|D. Tadić]]
| Jerneić
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=3929 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 3
| 23 Jul 2005
| [[2005–06 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 2–2
| [[Zoran Zekić|Zekić]], [[Petar Krpan|Krpan]]
| Jerneić, [[Renato Pilipović|Pilipović]]
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=4017 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 4
| 22 Oct 2005
| [[2005–06 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Veruda|Veruda]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 3–0
|
| [[Asim Šehić|Šehić]] (2), Jerneić
| 3,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=4083 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 5
| 14 Oct 2006
| [[2006–07 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Veruda|Veruda]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–3
| [[Toñito]] (2), [[Nino Bule|Bule]]
| [[Darko Raić-Sudar|Raić-Sudar]], [[Fausto Budicin|Budicin]]
| 2,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=4262 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 6
| 3 Mar 2007
| [[2006–07 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Ahmad Sharbini|Ah. Sharbini]], [[Georgi Ivanov (footballer born 1976)|Ivanov]]
|
| 2,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=4328 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 7
| 28 Apr 2007
| [[2006–07 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Mate Brajković|M. Brajković]]
| Halilović
| 800
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=4378 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 8
| 21 Nov 2009
| [[2009–10 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Hrvoje Štrok|Štrok]], [[Sandi Križman|Križman]]
|
| 1,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=4911 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 9
| 13 May 2010
| [[2009–10 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Veruda|Veruda]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 2–0
|
| [[Mislav Anđelković|Anđelković]], [[Asim Šehić|Šehić]]
| 2,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5031 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 10
| 16 Oct 2010
| [[2010–11 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Veruda|Veruda]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 0–0
|
|
| 2,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5123 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 11
| 23 Apr 2011
| [[2010–11 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Neven Vukman|Vukman]], [[Antonini Čulina|Čulina]]
|
| 1,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5243 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 12
| 24 Sep 2011
| [[2011–12 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 0–0
|
|
| 3,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5350 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 13
| 11 Apr 2012
| [[2011–12 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 0–0
|
|
| 2,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5470 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 14
| 6 Oct 2012
| [[2012–13 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–1
| [[Danijel Cesarec|Cesarec]], [[Niko Datković|Datković]]
| [[Stipe Bačelić-Grgić|Bačelić-Grgić]]
| 3,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5582 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 15
| 3 Mar 2013
| [[2012–13 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Damir Kreilach|Kreilach]]
| [[Stipe Bačelić-Grgić|Bačelić-Grgić]]
| 5,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5648 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 16
| 10 May 2013
| [[2012–13 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 1–0
|
| Hadžić
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5701 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 17
| 20 Jul 2013
| [[2013–14 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 3–0
| [[Ivan Tomečak|Tomečak]], [[Leon Benko|Benko]] (2)
|
| 5,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5719 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 18
| 22 Sep 2013
| [[2013–14 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–3
| [[Leon Benko|Benko]], [[Zoran Kvržić|Kvržić]], [[Ivan Krstanović|Krstanović]]
| [[Petar Franjić|Franjić]], [[Sandi Križman|Križman]]
| 4,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5764 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 19
| 8 Dec 2013
| [[2013–14 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 3–3
| [[Andrej Kramarić|Kramarić]] (3)
| [[Ante Batarelo|Batarelo]], [[Petar Franjić|Franjić]], [[Mario Babić|Babić]]
| 5,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5809 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 20
| 19 Mar 2014
| [[2013–14 Croatian Cup|Cup (SF)]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–1
| [[Andrej Kramarić|Kramarić]] (2)
| [[Dejan Radonjić (footballer)|Radonjić]]
| 7,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/kup/utakmica.php?id=1194 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 21
| 26 Mar 2014
| [[2013–14 Croatian Cup|Cup (SF)]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–1
| [[Ivan Krstanović|Krstanović]]
|
| 7,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/kup/utakmica.php?id=1196 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 22
| 30 Mar 2014
| [[2013–14 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–1
| [[Ivan Krstanović|Krstanović]]
|
| 2,500
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5854 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 23
| 4 Aug 2014
| [[2014–15 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–1
| [[Ivan Krstanović|Krstanović]]
|
| 5,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5911 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 24
| 18 Oct 2014
| [[2014–15 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 3–1
| [[Mato Jajalo|Jajalo]], [[Andrej Kramarić|Kramarić]], [[Ermin Zec|Zec]]
| [[Dario Tomić|Tomić]]
| 5,000
| [http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=5956 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 25
| 15 Feb 2015
| [[2014–15 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 0–0
|
|
|3,000
|[http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=6001 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 26
| 26 Apr 2015
| [[2014–15 Prva HNL|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Kantrida|Kantrida]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 3–0
|[[Marin Tomasov|Tomasov]] (2), [[Álex Fernández (footballer, born 1992)|Álex]]
|
|3,500
|[http://www.hrnogomet.com/hnl/utakmica.php?id=6046 HRnogomet.com]
|-
| 27
| 13 Sep 2015
| [[2015–16 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–1
|[[Roman Bezjak|Bezjak]]
|
|3,012
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/271133/istra-1961-rijeka-01/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 28
| 28 Nov 2015
| [[2015–16 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 1–0
| [[Marin Tomasov|Tomasov]]
|
|4,180
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/271178/rijeka-istra-1961/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 29
| 12 Mar 2016
| [[2015–16 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–1
| [[Marin Tomasov|Tomasov]]
|
|2,251
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/271223/istra-1961-rijeka-0-1/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 30
| 14 May 2016
| [[2015–16 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Marko Vešović|Vešović]], [[Josip Brezovec|Brezovec]]
|
| 3,322
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/271268/rijeka-istra-1961-2-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 31
| 22 Jul 2016
| [[2016–17 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 4–1
| [[Mario Gavranović|Gavranović]] (2), [[Roman Bezjak|Bezjak]] (2)
| [[Goran Roce|Roce]]
| 3,954
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/306587/rijeka-istra-1961-4-1/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 32
| 30 Sep 2016
| [[2016–17 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–2
| [[Matic Črnic|Črnic]], [[Alexander Gorgon|Gorgon]]
|
| 3,984
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/306632/istra-1961-rijeka-0-2/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 33
| 17 Dec 2016
| [[2016–17 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 1–0
| [[Franko Andrijašević|Andrijašević]]
|
| 4,471
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/306677/rijeka-istra-1961-1-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 34
| 22 Apr 2017
| [[2016–17 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Alexander Gorgon|Gorgon]]
| [[Šime Gržan|Gržan]]
| 4,746
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/306722/istra-1961-rijeka-1-1/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 35
| 29 Jul 2017
| [[2017–18 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Alexander Gorgon|Gorgon]], [[Renato Gojković|Gojković]] ([[Own goal|o.g.]])
|
| 5,504
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/9400681/rijeka-istra-1961-2-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 36
| 14 Oct 2017
| [[2017–18 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 1–0
|
| Puclin
| 2,040
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/9400726/istra-1961-rijeka-1-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 37
| 10 Feb 2018
| [[2017–18 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 4–0
| [[Jakov Puljić|Puljić]], [[Antonio Čolak|Čolak]], [[Matic Črnic|Črnic]], [[Leonard Zuta|Zuta]]
|
| 4,151
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/9400771/rijeka-istra-1961-4-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 38
| 17 Apr 2018
| [[2017–18 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–1
| [[Zoran Kvržić|Kvržić]]
|
| 1,637
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/9400816/istra-1961-rijeka-0-1/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 39
| 26 Aug 2018
| [[2018–19 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 3–3
| [[Héber Araujo dos Santos|Héber]] (3)
| [[Ramón Mierez|Mierez]] (2), [[Obeng Regan|Obeng]]
| 4,517
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/28050831/rijeka-istra-1961-3-3/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 40
| 11 Nov 2018
| [[2018–19 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 1–2
| [[Antonio Čolak|Čolak]], [[Zoran Kvržić|Kvržić]]
| Perić-Komšić
| 1,953
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/28050876/istra-1961-rijeka-1-2/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 41
| 1 Mar 2019
| [[2018–19 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Alexander Gorgon|Gorgon]], [[Robert Murić|Murić]]
|
| 4,275
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/28050921/rijeka-istra-1961-2-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 42
| 4 May 2019
| [[2018–19 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–7
| [[Domagoj Pavičić|Pavičić]] (2), [[Antonio Čolak|Čolak]] (2), [[Boadu Maxwell Acosty|Acosty]], [[Jakov Puljić|Puljić]], [[Luka Capan|Capan]]
|
| 1,741
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/28050966/istra-1961-rijeka-0-7/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 43
| 22 Sep 2019
| [[2019–20 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–3
| [[Franko Andrijašević|Andrijašević]], [[Stjepan Lončar|Lončar]], [[Robert Murić|Murić]]
|
| 2,797
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/33516134/istra-1961-rijeka-0-3/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 44
| 8 Dec 2019
| [[2019–20 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
|style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Alexander Gorgon|Gorgon]], [[Robert Murić|Murić]]
|
| 4,045
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/33516179/rijeka-istra-1961-2-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 45
| 7 Jun 2020
| [[2019–20 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 1–3
| [[Stjepan Lončar|Lončar]], [[Antonio Čolak|Čolak]], [[Robert Murić|Murić]]
| Perić-Komšić
| 0
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/33516224/istra-1961-rijeka-1-3/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 46
| 25 Jul 2020
| [[2019–20 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 4–2
| [[Antonio Čolak|Čolak]] (4)
| [[Gedeon Guzina|Guzina]] (2)
| 0
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/33516269/rijeka-istra-1961-4-2/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 47
| 29 Aug 2020
| [[2020–21 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–1
| [[Franko Andrijašević|Andrijašević]] (2)
| [[Gedeon Guzina|Guzina]]
| 0
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/40744965/rijeka-istra-1961-2-1/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 48
| 27 Jan 2021
| [[2020–21 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 1–2
| [[Franko Andrijašević|Andrijašević]] (2)
| [[Josip Špoljarić|Špoljarić]]
| 0
|[http://prvahnl.hr/matches/40745010/istra-1961-rijeka-1-2/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 49
| 13 Feb 2021
| [[2020–21 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Robert Murić|Murić]]
| [[Šime Gržan|Gržan]]
| 0
| [http://prvahnl.hr/matches/40745055/rijeka-istra-1961-1-1/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 50
| 7 Apr 2021
| [[2020–21 Croatian Football Cup|Cup (SF)]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 3–2
| [[Josip Drmić|Drmić]], [[Robert Murić|Murić]]
| [[Josip Šutalo|Šutalo]], [[Taichi Hara|Hara]], [[Gedeon Guzina|Guzina]]
| 0
| [https://hns-cff.hr/matches/41712761/istra-1961-rijeka-3-2/ hns-cff.hr]
|-
| 51
| 21 Apr 2021
| [[2020–21 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 1–2
| [[Robert Murić|Murić]], [[Sandro Kulenović|Kulenović]]
| [[Einar Galilea|Galilea]]
| 0
| [https://prvahnl.hr/matches/40745100/istra-1961-rijeka-1-2/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 52
| 25 Jul 2021
| [[2021–22 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 2–0
| [[Josip Drmić|Drmić]] (2)
|
| 2,015
| [https://prvahnl.hr/matches/50707060/rijeka-istra-1961-2-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 53
| 2 Oct 2021
| [[2021–22 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 3–6
| [[Anton Krešić|Krešić]], [[Domagoj Pavičić|Pavičić]] (2), [[Haris Vučkić|Vučkić]], [[Prince Ampem|Ampem]], [[Denis Bušnja|Bušnja]]
| [[João Silva (footballer, born 1999)|João Silva]], [[Abdallahi Mahmoud|Mahmoud]], [[Mateo Lisica|Lisica]]
| 1,274
| [https://prvahnl.hr/matches/50707105/istra-1961-rijeka-3-6/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 54
| 18 Dec 2021
| [[2021–22 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 1–0
| [[Jorge Obregón|Obregón]]
|
| 3,255
| [https://prvahnl.hr/matches/50707150/rijeka-istra-1961-1-0/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 55
| 2 Apr 2022
| [[2021–22 Croatian First Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–2
| [[Haris Vučkić|Vučkić]] (2)
|
| 2,170
| [https://prvahnl.hr/matches/50707195/istra-1961-rijeka-0-2/ prvahnl.hr]
|-
| 56
| 21 Aug 2022
| [[2022–23 Croatian Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Haris Vučkić|Vučkić]]
| Petković
| 2,422
| [https://hnl.hr/matches/65327361/istra-1961-rijeka-1-1/ hnl.hr]
|-
| 57
| 29 Oct 2022
| [[2022–23 Croatian Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#FFFF00"| 0–1
|
| [[Ante Erceg|Erceg]]
| 3,755
| [https://hnl.hr/matches/65327406/rijeka-istra-1961-0-1/ hnl.hr]
|-
| 58
| 3 Mar 2023
| [[2022–23 Croatian Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 0–2
| [[Niko Janković|Janković]] (2)
|
| 3,019
| [https://hnl.hr/matches/65327451/istra-1961-rijeka-0-2/ hnl.hr]
|-
| 59
| 6 May 2023
| [[2022–23 Croatian Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 2–2
| [[Matija Frigan|Frigan]], [[Prince Ampem|Ampem]]
| [[Advan Kadušić|Kadušić]], [[Monsef Bakrar|Bakrar]]
| 6,657
| [https://hnl.hr/matches/65327496/rijeka-istra-1961-2-2/ hnl.hr]
|-
| 60
| 6 Aug 2023
| [[2023–24 Croatian Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 6–0
| [[Franjo Ivanović|Ivanović]], [[Lindon Selahi|Selahi]], [[Marco Pašalić|Pašalić]], [[Bruno Goda|Goda]], [[Ante Majstorović|Majstorović]] ([[Own goal|o.g.]]), [[Alen Grgić|Grgić]]
|
| 4,856
| [https://hnl.hr/matches/78093916/rijeka-istra-1961-6-0/ hnl.hr]
|-
| 61
| 22 Oct 2023
| [[2023–24 Croatian Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Aldo Drosina|Drosina]]
| style="background-color:#DCDCDC"| 1–1
| [[Niko Janković|Janković]]
| [[Frano Mlinar|Mlinar]]
| 3,665
| [https://hnl.hr/matches/78093961/istra-1961-rijeka-1-1/ hnl.hr]
|-
| 62
| 4 Feb 2024
| [[2023–24 Croatian Football League|1. HNL]]
| [[Stadion Rujevica|Rujevica]]
| style="background-color:#FFFFFF"| 3–0
| [[Veldin Hodža|Hodža]], [[Niko Janković|Janković]], [[Mirko Marić|Marić]]
|
| 7,588
| [https://hnl.hr/matches/78094006/rijeka-istra-1961-3-0/ hnl.hr]
|-
|}

==Players==

===Top scorers===
''Updated up to the last derby played on 4 February 2024.''

;9 goals
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonio Čolak]] (Rijeka)

;7 goals
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Robert Murić]] (Rijeka)

;6 goals
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Franko Andrijašević]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Andrej Kramarić]] (Rijeka)

;5 goals
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Gorgon]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Borimir Perković]] (Rijeka)

;4 goals
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Gedeon Guzina]] (Istra 1961)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Niko Janković]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Krstanović]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Domagoj Pavičić]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Marin Tomasov]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Haris Vučkić]] (Rijeka)

;3 goals
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Leon Benko]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Roman Bezjak]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Senad Brkić]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Josip Drmić]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Héber Araujo dos Santos|Héber]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} Josip Jerneić (Istra 1961)
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Zoran Kvržić]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Dean Ljubančić]] (Rijeka)
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Asim Šehić]] (Istra 1961)

===Players who have scored in Rijeka–Pula derby for both clubs===
*[[Sandi Križman]] ('''2''' goals, 1 for ''Rijeka'' and 1 for ''Istra 1961'')

===Players who have played for both clubs (senior career)===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*[[Boško Anić]]
*[[Mateo Bertoša]]
*[[Dario Bodrušić]]
*[[Fausto Budicin]]
*[[Denis Bušnja]]
*[[Igor Čagalj]]
*[[Matko Djarmati]]
*Sandi Dobrić
*[[Mate Dragičević]]
*[[João Escoval]]
*[[Marin Grujević]]
*[[Nedim Halilović]]
*[[Darko Horvat (footballer)|Darko Horvat]]
*[[Dani Iglesias]]
*Elmir Imširević
*[[Vanja Iveša]]
*[[Sergej Jakirović]]
*Josip Jerneić
*[[Redi Jupi]]
*Irenko Jurić
*Jurica Karabatić
*Ilija Kljajić
{{Col-3}}
*Damir Knežević
*Saša Kolić
*[[Fabijan Komljenović]]
*Ljupko Kontešić
*[[Sandi Križman]]
*[[Ivan Kurtović]]
*[[Siniša Linić]]
*[[Robert Lisjak]]
*Josip Lukunić
*Admir Malkić
*[[Ivan Mance]]
*[[Luka Marić (footballer, born 1987)|Luka Marić]]
*[[Bernardo Matić]]
*[[Andréa Mbuyi-Mutombo]]
*[[Marin Mikać|Marin Mikac]]
*[[Mato Miloš]]
*[[Ivan Močinić]]
*[[Alen Pamić]]
*[[Manuel Pamić]]
*[[Branko Panić]]
*[[Goran Paracki]]
*[[Dalibor Pauletić]]
{{Col-3}}
*[[Renato Pilipović]]
*[[Andrej Prskalo]]
*[[Natko Rački]]
*Dragan Raković
*[[Zedi Ramadani]]
*[[Ivan Rodić]]
*[[Elvis Scoria]]
*[[Ahmad Sharbini]]
*Dalibor Starčević
*[[Valentino Stepčić]]
*[[Andro Švrljuga]]
*[[Dragan Tadić]]
*[[Goran Vincetić]]
*[[Luka Vučko]]
*[[Matej Vuk]]
*[[Neven Vukman]]
*[[Ivor Weitzer]]
*[[Zoran Zekić]]
*[[Damir Zlomislić]]
*[[Andrej Živković]]
{{Col-end}}

==Managers who have managed both clubs==
*[[Milivoj Bračun]]
*[[Nenad Gračan]]
*[[Srećko Juričić]]
*[[Robert Rubčić]]
*[[Elvis Scoria]]
*[[Zoran Vulić]]

==Prva HNL results==
{{main article|Croatian First Football League}}
The table lists the place each team took in each of the seasons.

{| border=1 bordercolor="#CCCCCC" class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;"
|- align=LEFT valign=CENTER
! !!1992!!92–93!!93–94!!94–95!!95–96!!96–97!!99–00
|- align=CENTER
| '''No. of teams'''
| '''12'''
| '''16'''
| '''18'''
| '''16'''
| '''14'''
| '''16'''
| '''12'''
|- align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM
| align=LEFT| [[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]]
|6
|4
|6
|11
|9
|4
|4
|- align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM
| align=LEFT| [[NK Istra|Istra]]
|7
|8
|10
|12
|11
|15
|11
|}

{| border=1 bordercolor="#CCCCCC" class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;"
|- align=LEFT valign=CENTER
! !!04–05!!05–06!!06–07!!09–10!!10–11!!11–12!!12–13!!13–14!!14–15!!15–16!!16–17!!17–18!!18–19!!19–20!!20–21
|- align=CENTER
| '''No. of teams'''
| '''12'''
| '''12'''
| '''12'''
| '''16'''
| '''16'''
| '''16'''
| '''12'''
| '''10'''
| '''10'''
| '''10'''
| '''10'''
| '''10'''
| '''10'''
| '''10'''
| '''10'''
|- align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM
| align=LEFT| [[HNK Rijeka|Rijeka]]
|4
|bgcolor=silver| 2
|7
|9
|9
|12
|3
|bgcolor=silver| 2
|bgcolor=silver| 2
|bgcolor=silver| 2
|bgcolor=gold| 1
|bgcolor=silver| 2
|bgcolor=silver| 2
|3
|3
|- align=CENTER valign=BOTTOM
| align=LEFT| [[NK Istra 1961|Istra 1961]]
|10
|7
|11
|11
|15
|9
|6
|6
|9
|9
|6
|9
|9
|9
|9
|}

==See also==
*[[Eternal derby (Croatia)|Eternal derby]]
*[[Adriatic derby]]
*[[Dinamo–Rijeka derby]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*''History of Rijeka's participation in championships'' at [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221073405/http://nk-rijeka.hr/prvenstva.asp NK-Rijeka.hr] {{in lang|hr}}

{{HNK Rijeka}}
{{Croatian football derbies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Istra 1961-Rijeka rivalry}}
[[Category:HNK Rijeka|derby]]
[[Category:NK Istra 1961]]
[[Category:Football derbies in Croatia]]
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