Английская Википедия:Assassination of Ali

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox civilian attack

Шаблон:Shia Islam

Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph (Шаблон:Reign) and the first Shia Imam, was assassinated during the morning prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent to 19 Ramadan 40 AH. He died of his wounds about two days after the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljim struck him over his head with a poison-coated sword at the Great Mosque of Kufa, located in Kufa, in present-day Iraq. He was about sixty-two years of age at the time of his death.

Ibn Muljim had entered Kufa with the intention of killing Ali, probably in revenge for the Kharijites' defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. He found two accomplices in Kufa, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra and Wardan ibn al-Mujalid. Unlike Ibn Muljim, the swords of these two missed Ali and they fled, but were later caught and killed. Before his death, Ali requested either a meticulous application of Шаблон:Transl to Ibn Muljim or his pardon, and he was later executed by Hasan, the eldest son of Ali. By most accounts, also involved in the assassination was al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the influential Kufan tribal leader whose loyalty to Ali is often questioned in the early sources. The assassination of Ali paved the way for his rival Mu'awiya to found the Umayyad Caliphate. The shrine of Ali in Najaf, near Kufa, is a major destination for Shia pilgrims.

Background

Шаблон:See alsoThe controversial policies of the third caliph Uthman resulted in a rebellion that led to his assassination in 656 CE.Шаблон:Sfn Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, was subsequently elected caliph by the Medinans and the dissidents present there.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There he received a nearly unanimous pledge of allegiance,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn gathering various underprivileged groups around himself.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By contrast, Ali found limited support among the powerful Quraysh tribe, some of whom aspired to the title of caliph.Шаблон:Sfn Among the Quraysh, the caliphate of Ali was soon challenged by Aisha, a widow of Muhammad, and two of his companions, namely, Talha and Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn Uthman's cousin Mu'awiya also denounced the accession of Ali when he was dismissed from his post as the governor of Syria. He now demanded retribution against Uthman's killers.Шаблон:Sfn

Ali defeated the rebellion of Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr in the Battle of the Camel in 656, but the Battle of Siffin against Mu'awiya in 657 resulted in a stalemate when the latter called for arbitration by the Quran to avoid defeat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The strong peace sentiments in Ali's army compelled him to accept the offer,Шаблон:Sfn and an ill-fated arbitration committee was set up with representatives from Ali and Mu'awiya with a mandate to settle the dispute in the spirit of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn However, as Ali marched back to his capital Kufa, a group of his soldiers criticized the arbitration and accused Ali of blasphemy for leaving the matter to the discretion of two men. Most of them had earlier forced Ali to accept the arbitration but now exclaimed that the right to judgment belonged to God alone.Шаблон:Sfn Many of them were won back by Ali,Шаблон:Sfn while the rest assembled near the Nahrawan Canal on the east bank of the Tigris river.Шаблон:Sfn Following this exodus, they became known as Khawarij (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn The Kharijites denounced Ali as caliph, declared him, his followers, and the Syrians as infidels.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They declared the blood of such infidels to be licit,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and committed many murders, apparently not even sparing women.Шаблон:Sfn Ali crushed them in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658,Шаблон:Sfn but their remnants and offshoots continued to terrorize for many years.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Ali's premonition

Multiple early sources write that Ali knew about his fate long before the assassination either by his own premonition or through Muhammad, who had told Ali that his beard would be stained with the blood of his head. In particular, the Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) quotes the prophetic tradition, "the evilest man among the ancients was he who had killed the camel of the prophet Salih and among his contemporaries, he who would kill Ali." The night before the assassination, Ali foretold that his destiny was soon to be fulfilled. As he left the house in the morning, geese followed him, cackling, and Ali remarked that they were weeping for him.Шаблон:Sfn

Assassination

Файл:Kufa Mosque in Iraq.jpg
The Great Mosque of Kufa, where Ali was assassinated in 661 during the morning prayers

Ali was assassinated by Ibn Muljim, a Kharijite dissident. Ibn Muljim belonged to the Himyar tribe paternally and to the Murad tribe maternally. He also had ties with the Kinda tribe.Шаблон:Sfn The common narrative involves Mu'awiya and his governor of Egypt, Amr ibn al-As, as reported by the Sunni historian al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in), among others. According to this narrative, Ibn Muljim and two other Kharijites met in Mecca after the Hajj pilgrimage. Following long discussions, they concluded that Ali, Mu'awiya, and Amr were to blame for the ongoing civil war. They swore to kill all three and avenge their fallen companions at Nahrawan. Then they set the date of assassination and each chose his victim.Шаблон:Sfn The two other Kharijites are named variously in the sources. The one who wanted to kill Mu'awiya is introduced as al-Burak ibn Abd-Allah or al-Nazzal ibn Amir. The one who promised to kill Amr is given as Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi or Umar ibn Bukayr or Zadawayh.Шаблон:Sfn The historian Ali Bahramian finds this narrative logically flawed and questions the veracity of the plots to kill Mu'awiya and Amr,Шаблон:Sfn while the Islamicist Julius Wellhausen (Шаблон:Died in) similarly views the narrative as fabricated.Шаблон:Sfn For Laura Veccia Vaglieri (Шаблон:Died in), another expert, this narrative is also questionable,Шаблон:Sfn but probably generated from a common historical tradition because the variations in the sources are minor in her view.Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn Muljim entered Kufa with plans to assassinate Ali. There he found two local Kharijite accomplices, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra and Wardan ibn al-Mujalid.Шаблон:Sfn One or both of them appear in the early sources in connection to the assassination and their fates are sometimes swapped.Шаблон:Sfn According to al-Tabari, Ibn Muljim met in Kufa a group of the Taym al-Ribab tribe who were mourning their tribesmen killed at Nahrawan. Among them was a woman named Qatami, who impressed Ibn Muljim with her beauty. She agreed to his proposal of marriage with a wedding gift that included the murder of Ali. She then arranged for her tribesman, Wardan, to assist Ibn Muljim in his mission. For his part, Wardan enlisted the help of Shabib. The night before the assassination, the conspirators stationed themselves opposite the door from which Ali would enter the mosque.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

On 26 or 28 or 30 January 661 (17 or 19 or 21 Ramadan 40 AH), when Ali arrived at the mosque to lead the morning prayer, Ibn Muljim attacked and wounded Ali on the crown of his head with a poisoned sword either during the prayer,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or as he was entering the mosque.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Shabib's sword missed Ali and he fled and was lost among the crowd.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Being a Kharijite, he was later killed for terrorizing the civilians.Шаблон:Sfn Wardan fled to his home where he was killed by a kinsman after confessing his involvement in the assassination.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ibn Muljim was caught at the scene by the Hashimite al-Mughira ibn Nawfal ibn al-Harith,Шаблон:Sfn or by Qutham ibn al-Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn Ali died about two days later of his wounds at the age of sixty-two or sixty-three.Шаблон:Sfn His death is annually commemorated by Shia Muslims on 21 Ramadan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Punishment of Ibn Muljim

Before his death, Ali had requested that Ibn Muljim should be executed in retaliation ([[Qisas|Шаблон:Transl]]) if he did not survive,Шаблон:Sfn and his wish was fulfilled by his eldest son Hasan.Шаблон:Sfn By other accounts, Ali instead left this decision to Hasan and recommended pardon,Шаблон:Sfn asked his men not to bound Ibn Muljim tightly,Шаблон:Sfn forbade his tribesmen from shedding Muslim blood beyond a meticulous application of Шаблон:Transl to Ibn Muljim, who were to be given good meals and a soft bed in the meantime and not exposed to public ridicule.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Muljim is often counted among their ranks and highly praised in the Kharijite literature for assassinating Ali.Шаблон:Sfn

Role of Ibn Qays

Often connected to the assassination is al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the influential chief of the Kinda tribe in Kufa.Шаблон:Sfn As a strong advocate for peace with the Syrians, his loyalty to Ali is doubted in most accounts.Шаблон:Sfn Mua'wiya indeed wrote to the Kufan elite after Nahrawan, offering them status and wealth in return for sabotage,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn whereas Ali refused to grant them any financial favors as a matter of principle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Various sources accuse Ibn Qays of threatening Ali with death, being aware of the assassination plot, or hosting and counselling Ibn Muljim in Kufa before the assassination.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn An exception is one of the accounts given by the Sunni historian al-Mubarrad (Шаблон:Died in), in which Ibn Qays warns the caliph about the assassination.Шаблон:Sfn Hujr ibn Adi, an ardent supporter of Ali, is said to have accused Ibn Qays of complicity in the assassination,Шаблон:Sfn while the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (Шаблон:Reign) blamed the assassination of Ali on (some of) his companions, over a century later.Шаблон:Sfn

Burial and shrine

Ali's body was washed by his sons, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, and one of his nephews, Abdullah ibn Ja'far.Шаблон:Sfn Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali was then buried secretly,Шаблон:Sfn which may also explain the discrepancies in the sources about his burial site.Шаблон:Sfn His grave was identified during the caliphate of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid (Шаблон:Reign) and the town of Najaf grew around it near Kufa, becoming a major site of pilgrimage for Muslims, especially Shias.Шаблон:Sfn The present shrine was built by the Safavid Shah Safi (Шаблон:Reign),Шаблон:Sfn near which lies an immense cemetery for Shias who wish to be buried next to their imam.Шаблон:Sfn Najaf is also home to top religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Singular Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:Sfn Most likely incorrect,Шаблон:Sfn there are nonetheless claims that Ali was instead buried at the Mausoleum of Ali in Mazar-i-Sharif, located in modern-day Afghanistan.[1] Among many others, the assassination of Ali has been the subject of paintings by the Iranian artists Yousef Abdinejad,[2] Farhad Sadeghi,[3] and Masnsoureh Hossein,[4] as well as a stage play by Bahram Beyzai.[5]

Aftermath

During his rule, Ali found a loyal following who regarded him as the best of Muslims after Muhammad and the only one entitled to the caliphate. Nevertheless, this following remained a minority.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Instead, what united Kufans after Ali was their opposition to Syrian domination,Шаблон:Sfn or the highhanded rule of his archenemy Mu'awiya.Шаблон:Sfn After the assassination of Ali in January 661, his eldest son Hasan was thus elected caliph in Kufa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Mu'awiya marched on Kufa soon after with a large army, while Hasan's army suffered desertions in large numbers, facilitated by the defection of military commanders and tribal chiefs bought by Mu'awiya.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After a failed attempt on his life, a wounded Hasan ceded the rule in August 661 to Mu'awiya, who founded the Umayyad Caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

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Footnotes

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References

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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