Английская Википедия:At sign
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Technical reasons Шаблон:Infobox symbol The at sign, Шаблон:Char, is an accounting and invoice abbreviation meaning "at a rate of" (e.g. 7 widgets @ £2 per widget = £14),[1] now seen more widely in email addresses and social media platform handles. It is normally read aloud as "at" and is also commonly called the at symbol, commercial at, or address sign.
The absence of a single English word for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase[2] or Spanish and Portuguese arroba, or to coin new words such as ampersat[3] and asperand,[4] or the (visual) onomatopoeia strudel,[5] but none of these have achieved wide use.
Although not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, it was on at least one 1889 model[6] and the very successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It started to be used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now routinely included on most types of computer keyboards.
History
The earliest yet discovered symbol in this shape is found in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345. Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library, it features the @ symbol in place of the capital letter alpha "Α" as an initial in the word Amen; however, the reason behind it being used in this context is still unknown. The evolution of the symbol as used today is not recorded.
It has long been used in Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba, a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from the Arabic expression of "the quarter" (Шаблон:Lang pronounced ar-rubʿ).[9] A symbol resembling an @ is found in the Spanish "Taula de Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon, in 1448.[10] An Italian academic, Giorgio Stabile, claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May 4, 1536.[10] The document is about commerce with Pizarro, in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru. Currently, the word arroba means both the at-symbol and a unit of weight. In Venetian, the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora (Шаблон:Lang), a unit of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century. It could also mean “adi” (standard Italian “addì”, i. e. ‘on the day of’) as used on a health pass in Northern Italy in 1667.[11]
Modern use
Commercial usage
In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaning at and at the rate of or at the price of. It has rarely been used in financial ledgers, and is not used in standard typography.[12]
Trademark
In 2012, "@" was registered as a trademark with the German Patent and Trade Mark Office.[13] A cancellation request was filed in 2013, and the cancellation was ultimately confirmed by the German Federal Patent Court in 2017.[14]
Email addresses
A common contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (using the SMTP system), as in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at the domain example.com). Ray Tomlinson of BBN Technologies is credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.[4][15] This idea of the symbol representing located at in the form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix shell command ssh jdoe@example.net tries to establish an ssh connection to the computer with the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.
On web pages, organizations often obscure the email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This practice, known as address munging, makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them.
Social media
On some social media platforms and forums, usernames may be prefixed with an @ (in the form @johndoe); this type of username is frequently referred to as a "handle"Шаблон:Citation needed.
On online forums without threaded discussions, @ is commonly used to denote a reply; for instance: @Jane to respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the body of the email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line Шаблон:Code to indicate to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her.Шаблон:Citation needed This also helps with mobile email users who might not see bold or color in email.
In microblogging (such as on Twitter and GNU social-based microblogs), an @ before the user name is used to send publicly readable replies (e.g. @otheruser: Message text here). The blog and client software can automatically interpret these as links to the user in question. When included as part of a person's or company's contact details, an @ symbol followed by a name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook users on September 15, 2009.[16] In Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it is shown before users' nicknames to denote they have operator status on a channel.
Sports usage
In American English the @ can be used to add information about a sporting event. Where opposing sports teams have their names separated by a "v" (for versus), the away team can be written first – and the normal "v" replaced with @ to convey at which team's home field the game will be played.[17] This usage is not followed in British English, since conventionally the home team is written first.
Computer languages
@ is used in various programming languages and other computer languages, although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:
- In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to change the lower bound of an array. For example: Шаблон:Code refers to an array starting at index 88.[18]
- In ActionScript, @ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.[19]
- In the ASP.NET MVC Razor template markup syntax, the @ character denotes the start of code statement blocks or the start of text content.[20][21]
- In Dyalog APL, @ is used as a functional way to modify or replace data at specific locations in an array.
- In CSS, @ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block.[22]
- In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.[23] As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used as identifiers,[24] a form of stropping.
- In D, it denotes function attributes: like:
@safe,@nogc, user defined@('from_user')which can be evaluated at compile time (with__traits) or@propertyto declare properties, which are functions that can be syntactically treated as if they were fields or variables.[25] - In DIGITAL Command Language, the @ character was the command used to execute a command procedure. To run the command procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, one would type
@VMSINSTALat the command prompt. - In Forth, it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
- In Haskell, it is used in so-called as-patterns. This notation can be used to give aliases to patterns, making them more readable.
- in HTML, it can be encoded as
@[26] - In J, denotes function composition.
- In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.[27]
- In Julia, it denotes the invocation of a macro.[28]
- In LiveCode, it is prefixed to a parameter to indicate that the parameter is passed by reference.
- In an LXDE autostart file (as used, for example, on the Raspberry Pi computer), @ is prefixed to a command to indicate that the command should be automatically re-executed if it crashes.[29]
- In ML, it denotes list concatenation.
- In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the actual world (the world we are "at").
- In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as @implementation and to form string literals.
- In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
- In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays Шаблон:Code, including array slices Шаблон:Code and hash slices Шаблон:Code or Шаблон:Code. This use is known as a sigil.
- In PHP, it is used just before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that expression.[30]
- In Python 2.4 and up, it is used to decorate a function (wrap the function in another one at creation time). In Python 3.5 and up, it is also used as an overloadable matrix multiplication operator.[31]
- In R and S-PLUS, it is used to extract slots from S4 objects.[32]
- In Razor, it is used for C# code blocks.[33]
- In Ruby, it functions as a sigil:
@prefixes instance variables, and@@prefixes class variables.[34] - In Rust, it is used to bind values matched by a pattern to a variable.[35]
- In Scala, it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.[36]
- In Swift,
@prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the language. - In T-SQL,
@prefixes variables and@@prefixes "niladic" system functions. - In several xBase-type programming languages, like DBASE, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro and Clipper, it is used to denote position on the screen. For example: Шаблон:Code to show the word "HELLO" in line 1, column 1.
- In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, it is also used to indicate explicit pass by reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (but it is not an address operator).[37]
- In a Windows Batch file, an
@at the start of a line suppresses the echoing of that command. In other words, is the same asECHO OFFapplied to the current line only. Normally a Windows command is executed and takes effect from the next line onward, but@is a rare example of a command that takes effect immediately. It is most commonly used in the form Шаблон:Code which not only switches off echoing but prevents the command line itself from being echoed.[38][39] - In Windows PowerShell, @ is used as array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.[40]
- In the Domain Name System (DNS), @ is used to represent the Шаблон:Code, typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org)
- In assembly language, @ is sometimes used as a dereference operator.[41]
Gender neutrality in Spanish
In Spanish, where many words end in "-o" when in the masculine gender and end "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the default "o" ending.[42] For example, the word amigos traditionally represents not only male friends, but also a mixed group, or where the genders are not known. The proponents of gender-inclusive language would replace it with amig@s in these latter two cases, and use amigos only when the group referred to is all-male and amigas only when the group is all female. The Real Academia Española disapproves of this usage.[43]
Other uses and meanings
- In (especially English) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to describe the conditions under which data are valid or a measurement has been made. E.g. the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 g/cm3 @ 15 °C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0.150 g/L @ 20 °C, 1 bar, or noise of a car 81 dB @ 80 km/h (speed).[44]
- In philosophical logic, '@' is used to denote the actual world (in contrast to non-actual possible worlds).Шаблон:Citation needed Analogously, a 'designated' world in a Kripke model may be labelled '@'.Шаблон:Citation needed
- In chemical formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules.[45] For instance, La@C60 means lanthanum inside a fullerene cage. See article Endohedral fullerene for details.
- In Malagasy, @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional form amin'ny.Шаблон:Citation needed
- In Malay, @ is an informal abbreviation for the word "atau", meaning "or" in English.Шаблон:Citation needed
- In genetics, @ is the abbreviation for locus, as in IGL@ for immunoglobulin lambda locus.[46]
- In the Koalib language of Sudan, @ is used as a letter in Arabic loanwords. The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a letter in Unicode. SIL International uses Private Use Area code points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions, although they have marked this PUA representation as deprecated since September 2014.[47]
- A schwa, as the actual schwa character "ə" may be difficult to produce on many computers. It is used in this capacity in some ASCII IPA schemes, including SAMPA and X-SAMPA.Шаблон:Citation needed
- In leet it may substitute for the letter "A".Шаблон:Citation needed
- It is frequently used in typing and text messaging as an abbreviation for "at".[48][44]
- In Portugal it may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning "french kiss" (linguado).Шаблон:Citation needed
- In online discourse, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle-A.Шаблон:Citation needed
- Algebraic notation for the Crazyhouse chess variant: An @ between a piece and a square denotes a piece dropped onto that square from the player's reserve.[49]
Names in other languages
In many languages other than English, although most typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages as denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol after animals is also common.
- In Afrikaans, it is called Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'monkey tail', similarly to the Dutch use of the word (Шаблон:Wikt-lang is the word for 'monkey' or 'ape' in Dutch, Шаблон:Wikt-lang comes from the Dutch Шаблон:Wikt-lang).
- In Arabic, it is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang).
- In Armenian, it is Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang), which means 'puppy'.
- In Azerbaijani, it is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) which means 'meat', though most likely it is a phonetic transliteration of at.
- In Basque, it is Шаблон:Lang ('wrapped A').
- In Belarusian, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'helix' or 'snail').
- In Bosnian, it is Шаблон:Lang ('crazy A').
- In Bulgarian, it is called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – 'a badly written letter'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – 'monkey A'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – 'little monkey'), or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang - a pastry roll often made in a shape similar to the character)
- In Catalan, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (a unit of measure) or Шаблон:Lang (a Mallorcan pastry, because of the similar shape of this food).
- In Chinese:
- In mainland China, it used to be called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (pronounced Шаблон:Lang), meaning 'circled A' / 'enclosed A', or Шаблон:Wikt-lang (pronounced Шаблон:Lang), meaning 'lacy A', and sometimes as Шаблон:Wikt-lang (pronounced Шаблон:Lang), meaning 'little mouse'.[50] Nowadays, for most of China's youth, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (pronounced Шаблон:Lang), which is a phonetic transcription of at.
- In Taiwan, it is Шаблон:Wikt-lang (pronounced Шаблон:Lang), meaning 'little mouse'.
- In Hong Kong and Macau, it is at.
- In Croatian, it is most often referred to by the English word at (pronounced et), and less commonly and more formally, with the preposition Шаблон:Wikt-lang (with the addressee in the nominative case, not locative as per usual rection of Шаблон:Lang), meaning 'at', 'Шаблон:Lang' or 'by'. Informally, it is called a Шаблон:Wikt-lang, coming from the local pronunciation of the English word monkey. Note that the Croatian words for monkey, Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang are not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
- In Czech it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang, which means 'rollmops'; the same word is used in Slovak.
- In Danish, it is Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('elephant's trunk A'). It is not used for prices, where in Danish Шаблон:Wikt-lang means 'at (per piece)'.
- In Dutch, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('monkey's tail'). The a is the first character of the Dutch word Шаблон:Wikt-lang which means 'monkey' or 'ape'; Шаблон:Wikt-lang is the plural of Шаблон:Lang. However, the use of the English at has become increasingly popular in Dutch.
- In Esperanto, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('at' – for the email use, with an address like "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('each' – refers only to the mathematical use), or Шаблон:Wikt-lang (meaning 'snail').
- In Estonian, it is called Шаблон:Lang, from the English word at.
- In Faroese, it is Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('at'), Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang ('[elephant's] trunk A').
- In Finnish, it was originally called Шаблон:Wikt-lang ("fee sign") or Шаблон:Wikt-lang ("unit price sign"), but these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially Шаблон:Wikt-lang, according to the national standardization institute SFS; frequently also spelled Шаблон:Lang. Other names include Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('cat's tail') and Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('miaow-meow') or short; “miu-mau”.
- In French, it is now officially the Шаблон:Wikt-lang[51][52] (also spelled Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Wikt-lang), or Шаблон:Lang (though this is most commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should normally only be used when quoting prices; it should always be called Шаблон:Lang or, better yet, Шаблон:Lang when in an email address). Its origin is the same as that of the Spanish word, which could be derived from the Arabic Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Wikt-lang). In France, it is also common (especially for younger generations) to say the English word at when spelling out an email address.Шаблон:Citation needed In everyday Québec French, one often hears Шаблон:Lang when sounding out an e-mail address, while TV and radio hosts are more likely to use Шаблон:Lang.
- In Georgian, it is Шаблон:Lang, spelled Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Lang).
- In German, it has sometimes been referred to as Шаблон:Lang (meaning 'spider monkey') or Шаблон:Lang (meaning 'monkey tail'). Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey[53]Шаблон:Better source needed grabbing a branch. More recently, it is commonly referred to as Шаблон:Lang, as in English.
- In Greek, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang meaning 'duckling'.
- In Greenlandic, an Inuit language, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang meaning 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
- In Hebrew, it is colloquially known as Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang), due to the visual resemblance to a cross-section cut of a strudel cake. The normative term, invented by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, is Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang), which is another Hebrew word for 'strudel', but is rarely used.
- In Hindi, it is Шаблон:Lang, from the English word.
- In Hungarian, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
- In Icelandic, it is referred to as Шаблон:Wikt-lang ("the at sign") or Шаблон:Wikt-lang, which is a direct translation of the English word at.
- In Indian English, speakers often say at the rate of (with e-mail addresses quoted as "example at the rate of example.com").Шаблон:Citation needed
- In Indonesian, it is usually Шаблон:Lang. Variations exist – especially if verbal communication is very noisy – such as Шаблон:Wikt-lang and Шаблон:Wikt-lang (both meaning 'circled A'), Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('snail A'), and (most rarely) Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('monkey A').
- In Irish, it is Шаблон:Wikt-lang (meaning 'at') or Шаблон:Wikt-lang (meaning 'at sign').
- In Italian, it is Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('snail') or Шаблон:Wikt-lang, sometimes Шаблон:Lang (pronounced more often Шаблон:IPA-it and rarely Шаблон:IPA) or Шаблон:Wikt-lang.
- In Japanese, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Wikt-lang, from the English words at mark). The word is Шаблон:Lang, a loan word from the English language.
- In Kazakh, it is officially called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'moon's ear').
- In Korean, it is called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'whelk'), a dialectal form of whelk.
- In Kurdish, it is Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (Latin Hawar script), Шаблон:Lang (Perso-Arabic Sorani script) coming from the English word at.
- In Latvian, it is pronounced the same as in English, but, since in Latvian Шаблон:IPAblink is written as "e" (not "a" as in English), it is sometimes written as Шаблон:Lang.
- In Lithuanian, it is pronounced Шаблон:Lang (equivalent to the English at).
- In Luxembourgish it used to be called Шаблон:Lang ('monkey tail'), but due to widespread use, it is now called Шаблон:Lang, as in English.
- In Macedonian, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:IPA-mk, 'little monkey').
- In Malaysia, it is called Шаблон:Lang when it is used in names and Шаблон:Wikt-lang when it is used in email addresses, Шаблон:Lang being the Malay word for 'at'. It is also commonly used to abbreviate Шаблон:Wikt-lang which means 'or', 'either'.
- In Morse code, it is known as a "commat", consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together as one character: Шаблон:Morse. The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,[54] the only official change to Morse code since World War I.
- In Nepali, the symbol is called "at the rate." Commonly, people will give their email addresses by including the phrase "at the rate".Шаблон:Citation needed
- In Norwegian, it is officially called Шаблон:Lang ('curly alpha' or 'alpha twirl'), and commonly as Шаблон:Lang. Sometimes Шаблон:Lang, the Swedish/Danish name (which means 'trunk A', as in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Commonly, people will call the symbol Шаблон:IPA (as in English), particularly when giving their email addresses. The computer manufacturer Norsk Data used it as the command prompt, and it was often called "grisehale" (pig's tail).
- In Persian, it is Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, from the English word.
- In Polish, it is commonly called Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('monkey'). Rarely, the English word at is used.
- In Portuguese, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (from the Arabic Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Wikt-lang). The word Шаблон:Lang is also used for a weight measure in Portuguese. One arroba is equivalent to 32 old Portuguese pounds, approximately Шаблон:Convert, and both the weight and the symbol are called Шаблон:Lang. In Brazil, cattle are still priced by the Шаблон:Lang – now rounded to Шаблон:Convert. This naming is because the at sign was used to represent this measure.
- In Romanian, it is most commonly called Шаблон:Lang, but also colloquially called Шаблон:Lang ("monkey tail") or Шаблон:Lang. The latter is commonly used, and it comes from the word round (from its shape), but that is nothing like the mathematical symbol Шаблон:Lang (rounded A). Others call it Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang (Romanian word for 'at').
- In Russian, it is commonly called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – '[little] dog').
- In Serbian, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang – 'crazy A'), Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang – 'little monkey'), or Шаблон:Wikt-lang (Шаблон:Lang – 'monkey').
- In Slovak, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('rollmop', a pickled fish roll, as in Czech).
- In Slovenian, it is called Шаблон:Lang (an informal word for 'monkey').
- In Spanish-speaking countries, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang (from the Arabic Шаблон:Lang, which denotes a pre-metric unit of weight. While there are regional variations in Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru it is typically considered to represent approximately Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Citation needed
- In Sámi (North Sámi), it is called Шаблон:Lang meaning 'cat's tail'.
- In Swedish, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('elephant's trunk A') or simply Шаблон:Lang, as in the English language. Less formally it is also known as Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('cinnamon roll') or Шаблон:Lang ('alpha curl').
- In Swiss German, it is commonly called Шаблон:Lang ('monkey-tail'). However, the use of the English word Шаблон:Lang has become increasingly popular in Swiss German, as with Standard German.Шаблон:Citation needed
- In Tagalog, the word Шаблон:Wikt-lang means 'and', so the symbol is used like an ampersand in colloquial writing such as text messages (e.g. Шаблон:Lang, 'cook and eat').
- In Thai, it is commonly called Шаблон:Lang, as in English.
- In Turkish, it is commonly called Шаблон:Lang, a variant pronunciation of English at.Шаблон:Citation needed
- In Ukrainian, it is commonly called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – 'at') or Равлик (ravlyk), which means 'snail'.
- In Urdu, it is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang).
- In Vietnamese, it is called Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('bent A') in the north and Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('hooked A') in the south.
- In Welsh, it is sometimes known as a Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Wikt-lang (both meaning "snail").
Unicode
In Unicode, the at sign is encoded as Шаблон:Unichar. The named entity @ was introduced in HTML5.[55]
Variants
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Commons category
- Шаблон:FOLDOC
- "The Accidental History of the @ Symbol ", Smithsonian magazine, September 2012, Retrieved October 2021.
- The @-symbol, part 1, intermission, part 2, addenda, Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation August 2011, Retrieved June 2013.
- "Daniel Soar on @", London Review of Books, Vol. 31 No. 10, 28 May 2009, Retrieved June 2013.
- ascii64 – the @ book – free download (creative commons) – by patrik sneyd – foreword by luigi colani) November 2006, Retrieved June 2013.
- A Natural History of the @ Sign The many names of the at sign in various languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.
- Sum: the @ Symbol, LINGUIST List 7.968 July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
- Where it's At: names for a common symbol World Wide Words August 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
- ↑ See, for example, Browns Index to Photocomposition Typography (p. 37), Greenwood Publishing, 1983, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ "Short Cuts" Шаблон:Webarchive, Daniel Soar, Vol. 31 No. 10 · 28 May 2009 page 18, London Review of Books
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "The @-symbol, part 2 of 2" Шаблон:Webarchive, Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ [1] Jürgen Beyer, ‘Gesundheitspässe und Impfatteste’, Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte. Mitteilungen 100 (2021), 21–29, reproduction on p. 26.
- ↑ Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), p.272. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ German Patent and Trademark Office, registration number 302012038338 Шаблон:Webarchive.
- ↑ Bundespatentgericht, decision of 22 February 2017, no. 26 W (pat) 44/14 (online Шаблон:Webarchive).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ For an example, see: http://www.nfl.com/schedules Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2.4.4.5 String literals Шаблон:Webarchive,
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 44,0 44,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Constable, Peter, and Lorna A. Priest (January 17, 2019) SIL Corporate PUA Assignments 5.2a Шаблон:Webarchive. SIL International Шаблон:Webarchive. pp. 59-60. Retrieved on July 20, 2020.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ "At last, France has a name for the @ sign" Шаблон:Webarchive, December 9, 2002, iol.co.za
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ HTML5 is the only version of HTML that has a named entity for the at sign, see https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html Шаблон:Webarchive ("The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references.") and https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-character-references Шаблон:Webarchive ("commat;").
