Английская Википедия:Contributions of Ali to Islamic sciences

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Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, played a pivotal role in the formative early years of Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Later, after the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, through his numerous sayings and writings,Шаблон:Sfn Ali helped establish a range of Islamic sciences, including Quranic exegesis, theology, jurisprudence, rhetoric (Шаблон:Transl), and Arabic grammar.Шаблон:Sfn He also trained disciples who later excelled in gnostics, exegesis, theology, and jurisprudence.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Numerous traditions, attributed to Ali, elucidate the esoteric teachings of the Quran, the central religious text in Islam. As the first Shia imam, he is also regarded in Shia Islam as the interpreter, par excellence, of the Quran after the death of Muhammad. Ali is considered a reliable and prolific narrator of prophetic traditions, while his own statements and practices are further studied in Shia Islam as the continuation of prophetic teachings. Ali is also viewed as the founder of Islamic theology. Some contributions of Ali to Islamic sciences are highlighted below.

Quranic sciences

After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib played a distinct role in the genesis of Quranic sciences.Шаблон:Sfn His profound knowledge of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, is often attested in early Sunni and Shia sources.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Among such statements is a prophetic tradition in Шаблон:Transl, a canonical Sunni source, to the effect that Ali possessed both the inner and outer dimensions of the Quran. Another such prophetic tradition reads, "Ali is with the Quran and the Quran is with Ali."Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni scholar Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in) ascribes to Muhammad, "Wisdom is divided into ten parts: Nine parts are given to Ali and one part is distributed among the rest of the people."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muhammad is also said to have predicted that, just as he fought for the revelation (Шаблон:Transl) of the Quran, Ali would fight for the esoteric interpretation (Шаблон:Transl) of the Quran.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A similar statement about his fighting for the Шаблон:Transl of the Quran is attributed to Ali himself.Шаблон:Sfn Ali also claimed to have learned the cause of revelation and the esoteric interpretation of every verse of the Quran directly from Muhammad.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He also referred to himself as the 'speaking Quran',Шаблон:Sfn and Shia Muslims indeed regard Ali as the interpreter, par excellence, of the Quran after the death of Muhammad, alongside the remaining Shia imams from his progeny.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The current standard recitation of the Quran has been traced back to Ali,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn through his disciple Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Also attributed to Ali is a non-extant recension of the Quran, known as Шаблон:Transl, which is thought to have also included his authoritative commentary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ibn Abbas (Шаблон:Died in) and Ibn Mas'ud (Шаблон:Died in), two leading early exegetes, studied under Ali.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Indeed, Ibn Abbas credited Ali with his interpretations of the Quran,Шаблон:Sfn while Ibn Mas'ud is reported to have said that Ali possessed both the inner and outer dimensions of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn The written legacy of Ali is also dotted with Quranic commentaries, for instance, the exegesis of verse 24:37 in sermon 213 of Шаблон:Transl, a collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to Ali.Шаблон:Sfn He is credited with laying the foundations for the exegesis (Шаблон:Transl) of the Quran by the Quran, a method of interpreting the Quran by its own verses. In this vein, it is ascribed to Ali, "Parts of it [the Quran] speak through other parts, and some parts of it bear witness to other parts."Шаблон:Sfn Ali taught that the Quran has multiple meanings and facets (Шаблон:Transl). He also did not view the divine revelation as a replacement for the human intellect. By contrast, in the first sermon of Шаблон:Transl, he describes the purpose of revelation as "unearthing" the "buried treasures of intellect." He thus saw revelation and intellect as complementing each other.Шаблон:Sfn Numerous traditions have been transmitted from Ali about the Quran, on such topics as abrogating and abrogated verses and occasions of revelation. Some of these were compiled in Шаблон:Transl by the tenth-century Shia scholar Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Nu'mani.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg
The first three verses of the Surah al-buruj (85:1–3) in what might be a folio from the Mushaf of Ali, preserved in the library of the Imam Ali shrine, Najaf, Iraq

Hadith literature and sciences

As a close companion of the Islamic prophet, Ali has related numerous hadiths, some 586 of them according to the Sunni traditionist al-Nawawi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn These have been compiled in different works either under the title of Шаблон:Transliteration, such as the one compiled by the Sunni author al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in), or included in larger collections of hadith, such as Шаблон:Transliteration, a canonical Sunni source.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some early traditions also point to a collection of prophetic sayings gathered by Ali himself, known as Шаблон:Transliteration,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn which is not extant anymore although parts of it have survived in later Shia and Sunni works.Шаблон:Sfn As a Shia imam, the statements and practices attributed to Ali are also widely studied in Shia Islam, where they are viewed as the continuation of prophetic teachings. An example is Шаблон:Transl, a compilation of hadiths by the Shia jurist Ibn Babawayh (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, Ali is credited with the first systematic evaluations of hadiths, and a discourse attributed to him by the Shia scholar Aban ibn Abi Ayyash (Шаблон:Died in) outlines the various causes of differences among hadiths, including fabrication, abrogation, and generality or particularity of its application. Indeed, Ali is often considered a founding figure for hadith sciences.Шаблон:Sfn

Islamic theology

Файл:مدرسه خان شیراز.jpg
Khan School (est. 1595) in Shiraz, Iran, where the Shia philosopher Mulla Sadra taught. In Sadra school of thought, Ali is celebrated as the foremost metaphysician of Islam.

Ali is credited by some as the founder of Islamic theology. His words are said to contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the unity of God (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In later Islamic philosophy, especially in the teachings of the Shia theologian Mulla Sadra (Шаблон:Died in) and his followers, such as Muhammad H. Tabatabai (Шаблон:Died in), Ali's sayings and sermons are regarded as a central source of metaphysical knowledge or divine philosophy. Members of the Sadra school thus regard Ali as the supreme metaphysician of Islam and the first person to have expressed philosophical ideas in Arabic terms. Some sayings attributed to Ali are viewed as evidence of his supreme metaphysical understanding, including, "I have never seen a thing except to have seen God before it," and, "If the veils were to be removed from the mysteries of the world, it would not add to my certitude." His statement, "Look at what is said and not at who has said it," captures a central characteristic of Islamic thought which places schools of thoughts above individuals. That is, ideas are judged by their inherent philosophical value rather than by their historical sources.Шаблон:Sfn

As a major collection of material attributed to Ali, Шаблон:Transl is a vital source for Shia philosophical doctrines, after the Quran and the Шаблон:Transl of Muhammad. Alongside the written legacy of other Shia imams, Шаблон:Transl and the many commentaries written about it seem responsible for the sustained development of Shia philosophy long after its Sunni counterpart reached a standstill. The influence of Шаблон:Transl on Shia philosophy can be seen in the logical coordination of terms, the deduction of correct conclusions, and the creation of relevant technical terms in Arabic, independent of the translation into Arabic of Greek philosophical works.Шаблон:Sfn The essence of Shia philosophy is perhaps captured in a conversation between Ali and his companion Kumayl ibn Ziyad about the nature of the truth (Шаблон:Transl) in Шаблон:Transl or in another text, attributed to Ali, in which the esoteric succession of saints in this world is explained.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

See also

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Footnotes

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References

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